THE ARRIVAL OF MADURA TRADERS TO SUMBAWA BESAR (STUDY OF CULTURAL ASSIMILATION OF SUMBAWA BESAR COMMUNITY WITH MADURA TRADERS)

This study described the history of the arrival of Madurese traders to Sumbawa Besar with a cultural assimilation process of Sumbawa Besar and Madurese communities. The purpose of this study was to find out the history of the arrival of Madurese traders to Sumbawa Besar, to find out the cultural assimilation process of Madurese and Sumbawa Besar communities, and to find out the impact of the assimilation between Sumbawa Besar and Madurese communities. This research was qualitative research. Data collection was done through direct observation, interviews, documentation, and literature study. The study result concluded that Madurese traders came to Sumbawa in the middle of 17th century through trading relation. In the middle of 20th century around 1920, several Madurese began to explore the land of Sumbawa Besar. The cultural character of open and democratic society made Madurese traders and Sumbawa’s people to assimilate easily. The assimilation process was carried out through social interaction, marriage, trade, and religious processes. The impact of the cultural assimilation of Sumbawa Besar and Madurese communities was shown by the establishment of a communication relationship between Sumbawa Besar and Madurese communities, the construction of a new community structure for the integrated of Sumbawa Besar community as Tau and Tana Samawa, and the construction of a new culture as Sumbawa’s culture requiring openness and tolerance.

Sharia Banks Integration and Diversification in Asian and Middle East Countries

The growth of Sharia Banking in Indonesia shows that Sharia banking in Indonesia is not only an international hub for Sharia banking in other regions but also as a place for investors to diversify investment portfolios other than conventional banking. The certainty of Sharia banking in term of stability makes Sharia Banking in Indonesia connected to one another. However, opportunities for portfolio diversification to Sharia banks in this case; Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Qatar, Bahrain and Japan are in questioned on whether there is integration between Sharia banking in those region and whether there is a possibility of Diversification of Sharia banking Portfolios in the region. In this manner the study is analysed on 25 banks’ data across selected countries. In the present study, ROA (Return on Assets) and ROE (Return on Equity) are used as measure of performance of diversification of banks. The number of credits and the amount of credits that Sharia banks let borrowers’ use are employed as control variables. According to the result of the analysis showed Indonesia Sharia banks Integration with another Sharia banks in selected countries are varied based the geographical proximity and bilateral trading relation with selected countries.

Breathy voice and low-register: A case of trading relation in Shanghai Chinese tone perception?

In Shanghai Chinese as well as many other Wu dialects, breathy voice is a well-documented accompaniment of the low-register tone syllables with obstruent as well as sonorant onsets. But Shanghai Chinese is rapidly changing and the breathy voice associated with low-register tones tends to disappear in young speakers’ productions. In this study, we asked whether breathy voice is nevertheless still perceived and whether it pushes tone identification toward low-register tones. We conducted forced-choice tone identification tests on young native listeners of Shanghai Chinese, using low–high register tone continua—from tone T3 (23) to tone T2 (34)—imposed on base syllables with either modal or breathy voice quality, and beginning with various onset consonants. We used continua constructed from either naturally produced or synthesized syllables. Our results show that breathy voice does bias tone identification responses toward the low-register tone T3. This result held for both synthesized and natural stimuli, except for the /m/-onset stimuli derived from naturally produced syllables. We propose that the phonetic change at issue—loss of breathiness in production—is not due to misperception but reflects the ever-stronger influence of Standard Mandarin Chinese. In other words, this particular case of sound change seems to be led by production rather than perception. It remains an open question whether this kind of sound change is only determined by sociolinguistic factors (here, the dominance of Mandarin Chinese) or is independently motivated by phonetic and/or phonological factors.

The Dynamics of Various Networks in Transnational Entrepreneurship and Study on Negative Factors to Enterprise among Immigrant Indian Entrepreneurs in UK - a Working Paper

Transnational entrepreneurship has attracted a lot of interest from scholars around the world. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that affect the internationalization of emerging transnational entrepreneurs in UK. This paper has considered only the entrepreneurs who are first generation immigration entrepreneurs who maintain business base in their home country and established a trading relation in the host country. The study focuses on the field of transnational entrepreneurship by proposing an exploratory study on Transnational Enterprise by defining the importance or relevance of different kinds of networks and also to explore the possibilities of negative factors such as bad experiences, dissatisfaction or negative perceptions of their host country, to be an inspiration to venture into transnational entrepreneurship.

IMPACT OFSAFTA ON TEXTILE EXPORT ON ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN BY USING COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBIUM MODEL (CGE)

This research investigates the Impact of PAK-INDIA Textile trade on Economy of Pakistan. Data were collected from GTAP-7 database. Data were  collected from 70 Textile exporters by using simple random technique and data were analyzed by using GEM-software. Different simulation run on GTAP-7 database and various tariff rates appliedThe first scenario is when normal trading relation with India will be restored; it means that both countries will give the MFN (Most Favored Nations) status to each other. In the second scenario, the SAFTA will be operative and there will be free trade between India and Pakistan and both countries will remove all tariffs and custom duties from each others’ imports. The Global trade analysis GTAP model is used to analyze the possible impact of SAFTA on Pakistan in a multi country, multi sector applied General equilibrium frame work. Results based on this research reveal that on SAFTA, grounds, here will be net export benefits in Pakistan’s economy.

Lamb auctions on the borders

Weber could very well have been referring to the England- Scotland borderlands when he characterized the basic relation which ‘transcends the boundaries of neighborhood, kinship, group or tribe’ (Economy and Society, I: 637) as taking one of two forms—war or trade. He also said of the market, as a particular form of the trading relation: ‘It is […] only this physical assemblage which allows the full emergence of the market's most distinctive feature, viz. dickering’ (Economy and Society, I: 635). The lamb auctions which are the focus of this paper do involve a physical assemblage of individuals from different sides of the border who dicker over the value of lambs. But as implied by Weber, this is not just a simple trading relation. It is a meaningful exchange of value in which sheep embody for the Scots a distinctive world and in which the haggling over the price of sheep is about the distancing of this world from the over-whelming social, economic and political power of England. In sum, auctions in the Scottish borders occur at and are partly constitutive of social boundaries.