Leeres Land

Wem gehören Niemandsländer? Bei der Debatte um individuelles, gemeinschaftliches oder staatliches Eigentum an Grund und Boden konkurrieren seit der Antike theologische, philosophische, juristische und soziologische Argumente. Auch in der Literatur sind Niemandsländer ein Modell, Machtverhältnisse, Legitimation von Besitz, Autonomie und Zugehörigkeit zu reflektieren. Niemandsländer sind Räume begrenzter Staatlichkeit und damit nur schwach oder gar nicht reguliert. Sie gelten den einen als gefährliche Landstriche, den anderen als Gebiete, die man ungestraft erobern darf. Verlassene Gegenden, Stadtbrachen, verwilderte Gärten und aufgelassene Industriegelände werden als Niemandsland bezeichnet und damit zu faszinierenden Orten. Sie bergen ein Risiko, wecken aber auch Neugierde und Kreativität, ziehen Flaneure, spielende Kinder, Verliebte, Dealer, Diebe, Künstler und Phantasten an und erlauben probeweise das Aussetzen der Regeln des Alltags. Im ersten Teil ihres neuen Buches steckt Dorothee Kimmich das kulturtheoretische Feld ab, in dem über Eigentumstheorien, Kolonialgeschichte, Pufferzonen, Bannmeilen, Kontaktzonen und Freiräume verhandelt wird. In einem zweiten Teil zeigen die Analysen literarischer Texte – u. a. von Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Adalbert Stifter, Robert Musil, Franz Kafka, Walter Benjamin, Oskar Loerke, Michel Leiris und Chinua Achebe –, wie Erzählungen die komplexen Verhältnisse um Grund und Boden in Narrative von Heimat und Auswanderung, Zugehörigkeit und Fremde, Imagination und Spiel, Grenzübertritt und Gefangenschaft übersetzen. Sie gestalten den prekären Status, den oft widersprüchlichen Charakter, die diffusen Eigenschaften und widerstrebenden Gefühle, die zum Niemandsland gehören.

Michel Leiris and the Secret Language of Song

Best known for his reminiscences of artistic and intellectual life in midcentury Paris and for his chronicle of the 1931 Dakar-Djibouti mission, L’Afrique fantôme (1934), Michel Leiris also wrote obsessively about music, turning to imperfectly recalled fragments of song and opera to evoke key moments of early childhood and to explore affective relationships. This article focuses on two episodes from Leiris’s writings to demonstrate that his highly emotional and anecdotal mode of writing about music anticipates, and quite possibly influenced, the more systematic theories of voice, sound, and language of Roland Barthes and Jacques Derrida. Derrida engaged directly with Leiris in his essay “Tympan” (in The Margins of Philosophy), which quotes at length a text by Leiris on the cognitive and relational dimensions of hearing and writing. Leiris’s experience in the 1930s and 40s developing a lexicon and grammar for the ritual language of the Dogon people of Mali, I argue, fundamentally shaped his conviction that both music and language are most communicative when they permeate and destabilize each other.

Intellectual Nomads

Alongside her analysis of Cunard’s memoir of George Moore, Marcus reads her 1954 account of travel writer, Norman Douglas, within the contexts of exile, English primitivism, and the exploitation of antiquities abroad by representatives of Western culture. The chapter examines the funding of ex-Surrealist Michel Leiris and his Djibouti Expedition to collect African art and artifacts alongside Cunard’s unfunded and publicly excoriated intellectual and literary project to collect Black voices and cultures in the Negro anthology. Marcus also addresses Cunard’s problematic reading of accusations against Douglas of pedophilia and a text “torn between the desire to tell and the desire to hide the secrets” of his life and her own.

What Was Us, What Is Us

Here Glissant discusses a number of writers: the ethnographic and poetic work of Michel Leiris; Aimé Césaire; Saint-John Perse; Kateb Yacine; Mallarmé’s dream of writing the ‘Book of the World’, contrasted with Segalen’s embracing of diversity; and a detailed account of Yves Bonnefoy’s Du mouvement et de l’immobilité de Douve, and its influence on other poets. There is also a section devoted to Nelson Mandela. Glissant goes on to highlight the similarities between Islam, Christianity and Judaism as monotheistic religions. He then returns to issues he has already raise earlier in the book: the difference between books and the internet; the ‘Chaos-World’ and invariants; different ways of reading, linked to difference between language and langage, and, finally, a definition of the ‘Whole-World’.

Tragedy of the Possible: Aimé Césaire in Cuba, 1968

In 1968, Aimé Césaire travelled to Cuba to participate in the Havana Cultural Congress, a mass international meeting where delegates discussed the place of culture in the struggle against imperialism, neo-colonialism, and underdevelopment. Among the likes of C.L.R. James, Nicolás Guillén, René Depestre, Michel Leiris, and Daniel Guérin, it was in Havana that the Martinican politician undertook the until-now untranslated interview with Sonia Aratán for the Casa de las Américas revue and delivered his Cultural Congress conference paper – previously believed by Césaire scholars to be lost. Both texts shed light on Césaire’s little-known views on Fidel Castro, the Cuban Revolution and Marxism in the context of late-1960s tricontinentalism. By reconstructing Césaire’s exchanges with Cuban writers before and during the Congress, we propose a consideration of the role of Cuba in Césaire’s political thought as a tragic possibility, combining the catastrophe of Caribbean history with the uncertain potential of new social forms.

A la dérive

The notion of the formless found a lasting definition in Documents, the dissident Surrealist magazine led by Georges Bataille, Carl Einstein and Michel Leiris from 1929 to 1931. In an unassuming short entry for its ‘Dictionnaire’, Bataille presents the informe emphatically not as a system or a structure, but as ‘un terme servant à déclasser’; yet neither the disruptive impulse of the 'Dictionnaire', nor the more recent exhibitions it has generated, can avoid a measure of taxonomic organisation (L'Informe: mode d'emploi, 1996; Undercover Surrealism, 2006). In the realm of poetry, free verse has eroded the boundaries of the poetic, but its freedom from formal constraints is limited too; as Jay Parini (2008) contends, ‘formless poetry does not really exist, as poets inevitably create patterns in language that replicate forms of experience.’ Through a small number of case studies, this chapter will consider the legacy of Bataille’s definition while assessing the ongoing tension between form and its undoing in textual and visual art of the twenty-first century.