Analysis of Geotechnical Engineering Safety Technology in Urban Underground Space Construction

With the accelerating pace of urbanization, the development and application of urban underground space has attracted much attention. In the construction of urban underground space, geotechnical engineering safety is the key point for construction. Based on this, this paper analyzes the application of geotechnical engineering safety technology in urban underground space construction, in hope that this analysis can provide a scientific reference for the rational application of geotechnical engineering safety technology as well as the construction and development of urban underground space.

ELECTRICAL CONTACT APPLICATION OF A ZINC COATING ON A THREADED PART OF A FUDAMENT BOLT

Proposals for a more rational application of zinc coating on the threaded part of the base bolt.

Parasitoid vectors a plant pathogen, potentially diminishing the benefits it confers as a biological control agent

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive disease of citrus primarily transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). Biocontrol of ACP is an environmentally sustainable alternative to chemicals. However, the risk of parasitoid rational application in ACP biocontrol has never been evaluated. Here we show, the dominant parasitoid of ACP, Tamarixia radiata, can acquire the HLB pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and transmit it horizontally when probing ACP nymphs. If these ACP nymphs survive the probing, develop to adults and move to healthy plants, CLas can be transmitted to citrus leaves during feeding. We illustrate the formerly unrecognized risk that a parasitoid can potentially serve as a phoretic vector of the pathogen transmitted by its host, thus potentially diminishing some of the benefits it confers via biocontrol. Our findings present a significant caution to the strategy of using parasitoids in orchards with different infection status of insect-vectored pathogens.

Formal Principles: Some Replies to Critics

One of the main theses of principles theory is that the rational application of constitutional rights presupposes proportionality analysis and that proportionality analysis necessarily includes balancing. The objection of over-constitutionalization has been raised to this thesis. Principles theory has attempted to reply to this objection with a theory of discretion in which formal principles, in particular, the principle of democracy, play a pivotal role. The theory of formal principles, however, has led in recent decades to more questions than answers. With respect to constitutional rights, two models have been and remain in competition: the combination model and the separation model. The first model balances formal principles in combination with substantive principles, whereas the second model separates the balancing of formal principles from the balancing of substantive principles. It is argued in this chapter that both models are mistaken, and an epistemic model is proposed that finds expression in the epistemic variables of the Weight Formula.

Proportionality and Rationality

This chapter presents the argument that the rational application of constitutional rights necessarily presupposes proportionality analysis as defined by principles theory and that proportionality analysis can be rational only if it is embedded in a theory of legal argumentation. The basic elements of principles theory are the Law of Balancing, explicated by the Weight Formula, and the Law of Competing Principles. Both concern the formal rationality of balancing. The connection of this formal dimension of rationality with the theory of legal argumentation connects the formal with a substantive dimension. The result of this connection is a system that is compatible with the requirements of universalizability and legal certainty.