Proportionality and Rationality

This chapter presents the argument that the rational application of constitutional rights necessarily presupposes proportionality analysis as defined by principles theory and that proportionality analysis can be rational only if it is embedded in a theory of legal argumentation. The basic elements of principles theory are the Law of Balancing, explicated by the Weight Formula, and the Law of Competing Principles. Both concern the formal rationality of balancing. The connection of this formal dimension of rationality with the theory of legal argumentation connects the formal with a substantive dimension. The result of this connection is a system that is compatible with the requirements of universalizability and legal certainty.

Plagiarism of the implicit concept in interior design projects: Does it exist?

Design spaces can be read in two complementary structural and compositional dimensions: the implicit dimension, and the formal dimension. This study aimed to answer the following questions: What are the phases of the original idea transformation in the design process? Does taking advantage of the implicit dimension of others’ interior spaces count as inspiration or plagiarism? Participants comprised nine postgraduate students, who were asked to copy others’ project ideas by applying four design phases: idea source, test, choice, and output. The results showed that plagiarism of the concept of others’ work could not occur unless the concept copies the structural, functional, and aesthetic aspects of the design space at the level of its components and the relationships between them. Otherwise, taking advantage of the implicit dimension of others’ project ideas can be an inspiration. The results are expected to increase awareness among interior design instructors in higher education.

The Informal in the Formal of Organizations: The Organizational Structure in Sociological Analysis

Based on a sociological stance, this paper seeks to reflect on the formal and informal dimensions in the analysis of organizations. It focuses specifically on the organizational structure and its relationship with the social processes that shape the organizational dynamics. To fulfill this aim, this reflection discusses the concept of organizational structure as a pivotal element of the formal dimension of organizations, as well as its relevance as a key element of organizations. These elements make it unavoidable in any sociological analysis of organizations, whatever their nature, even in studies whose object is more directed to social dynamics and interactions. The results of this article allow concluding that there is heuristicity and, even, an indispensability to establish and analyze the relationship between the formal structure as a framework for the practices that take place in the organization and the existing concrete practices, which is often not simple to operationalize.

Rechtsstaat and it’s legal order according to Robert von Mohl

Presented article is an attempt to analyze Robert von Mohl’s views regarding the formal dimension of his rule of law idea (Rechtsstaat). In the first part, the article analyzes relations between the written law and customary law in the thought of discussed German scholar. Next it discusses the notion of constitution in state, also when it comes to its definitions. The article is finished by the issues of an act and an ordinance in von Mohl’s thought. Firstly it discusses the very notions of these normative acts. Secondly it analyzes the features that, according to von Mohl, should be fulfilled by them. Presented article proves not only the cohesion of von Mohl’s view in terms of rule of law’s formal dimension. It also proves that his views reflect the aspirations of German 19th century bourgeoisie. However, the article emphasize that von Mohl didn’t fully solve certain problems i.e. mutual relations between written and customary law.

O conceito de pessoa em Romano Guardini

Em meio à crise existencial em que o homem atualmente se encontra, sobremaneira, tomando em consideração o paradigma tecnológico e científico, predominante na contemporaneidade, tanto a concepção antropológica de viés filosófico ou teológico, como também a concepção ética sofrem fortes questionamentos, inclusive, no que se refere à clássica concepção da tese em torno da dignidade e da inviolabilidade da vida. Por isso, faz-se urgente trazer à discussão as importantes reflexões acerca do conceito de pessoa. Romano Guardini se debruça na tentativa de elaboração e compreensão do homem que reflete sobre si mesmo, o mundo e Deus, conectando, pois, a noção de antropologia imanente e metafísica com a transcendente sem, com tal abertura, perder de vista o caráter filosófico do problema. A partir dessa proposição, tem-se o intento de apresentar, neste artigo, a concepção do conceito de pessoa em Romano Guardini em dois momentos centrais: 1) a dimensão formal de pessoa, articulada em três estratos, a saber: da forma, da individualidade e da personalidade; 2) a dimensão pessoal e final da pessoa, articulada a partir da relação com outrem e da dimensão religiosa do homem, culminando, por conseguinte, no “eu cristão”, em cujo centro de irradiação, para Guardini, situa-se o coração. Isso, em função de uma reflexão sobre o conceito de pessoa que abarque a sua totalidade.Abstract: In the midst of the existential crisis in which man is nowadays, taking into account the technological and scientific paradigm prevailing in contemporaneity, both the anthropological conception of philosophical or theological bias, as well as the ethical conception, are strongly questioned, which refers to the classical conception of the thesis about the dignity and inviolability of life. Therefore, it is urgent to bring to the discussion the important reflections about the concept of person. Romano Guardini focuses on the attempt to elaborate and understand the man who reflects on himself, the world and God, connecting the notion of immanent and metaphysical anthropology with the transcendent without, with such openness, losing sight of the philosophical character of the problem. From this proposition, we intend to present in this article the conception of the concept of person in Romano Guardini in two central moments: 1) the formal dimension of person, articulated in the three strata, namely, the form, the individuality and personality; 2) the personal and final dimension of the person, articulated from the relationship with others and the religious dimension of man, culminating, therefore, in the “Christian self”, in whose center of irradiation, for Guardini, is the heart. Keywords: Guardini; Body; Individuality; Personality; Person.

Igualdad entre mujeres y hombres = Equality Between Women and Men

Resumen: Este artículo trata de la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres como principio fundamental del Estado de Derecho. Se ilustran aquí las tres dimensiones interconectadas de la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres contenidas en la Convención para la eliminación de toda forma de discriminación hacia las mujeres (CEDAW). La CEDAW no se limita a considerar la dimensión formal de la igualdad o igualdad en derechos. Apunta a la necesidad de abordar la dimensión material de la igualdad, o igualdad de hecho, e indica las acciones positivas necesarias para ello. La concepción de la igualdad contenida en la CEDAW apela a su dimensión transformativa, es decir, apunta a la eliminación de los estereotipos y las estructuras sociales que perjudican a las mujeres y aspira a transformar la sociedad en su conjunto en términos igualitarios. Siguiendo recomendaciones recientes del Comité CEDAW, se señala finalmente la necesidad de considerar las discriminaciones que sufren las mujeres como el resultado de la intersección de las estructuras de género con otros ejes de desigualdad interconectadas.Palabras clave: Igualdad formal, Igualdad de hecho, CEDAW, Igualdad transformativa, Interseccionalidad, cambio social, justicia global.Abstract: This article addresses equality between women and men as a fundamental principle of the Rule of Law. The three interconnected dimensions of equality between women and men that are contained in the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) are here illustrated. CEDAW does not restrain its focus to the formal dimension of equality or equality before the law. It points to the need to address the substantive dimension of equality, or equality de facto, and indicates the positive measures needed to this end. The conception of equality contained in the CEDAW appeals to the transformative dimension of equality, that is to say, it aims to eliminate stereotypes and social structures that harm women and to transform society as a whole in egalitarian terms. Following recent recommendations of CEDAW Committee, the need to consider women’s discrimination as the result of the intersection of gender structures with other interconnected axes of inequality is finally pointed out.Keywords: Formal equality, Substantive equality, CEDAW, Transformative equality, Intersectionality, social change, global justice.

Dimensões e fatores de aplicação da tipografia em livros digitais | Typography application dimensions and factors in digital books

A tipografia está presente no desenvolvimento histórico do livro. Responsável por compor textos, esse recurso é considerado elemento essencial no design de publicações. A partir da inserção em meios digitais, as publicações passaram a incluir em seu escopo diversas potencialidade oferecidas pelas mídias digitais. Nesse sentido, percebe-se que o design das publicações digitais depende de um escopo de conhecimentos específicos, diferenciado das publicações impressas. Assim, evidencia-se que a forma de apresentação e configuração dos textos em livros digitais, ou seja, na aplicação da tipografia, requer adaptações. Desta forma, a presente pesquisa teve por objetivo designar os principais fatores de aplicação da tipografia em livros digitais. Para tanto, a pesquisa percorreu quatro fases: revisão de literatura, estudo prospectivo, análise de exemplares e resultados e discussões. Como resultado, chegou-se aos fatores de aplicação da tipografia em livros digitais que visam contribuir no desenvolvimento de projetos deste tipo de artefato. Os fatores foram sistematizados em quatro dimensões, a saber: formal, de composição, técnica e tecnológica. A dimensão formal reúne fatores relacionados à forma das letras, e as composições de palavras, frases e parágrafos de texto. A dimensão de composição trata da hierarquia da informação e da relação do texto com as demais mídias presentes na página. A dimensão técnica aborda fatores específicos das fontes e, por sua vez, a dimensão tecnológica reflete procedimentos e ações da tipografia no contexto digital.*****Typography is present in the book’s historical development. Responsible for composing texts, this resource is considered an essential element in the publishing design. With digital medias, the publishing began to include in their scope several potentialities offered by this media. In this sense, it is perceived that the digital publishing design depends on a specific scope of knowledge, different from printed publishing. Thus, is evident that the texts presentation and configuration in digital books, that is, typography application, requires adaptations. In this way, the present research aimed to designate the main typography application factors in digital books. For this, the research covered four phases: literature review, prospective study, analysis of samples, results and discussions. As a result, it reached four dimensions, composed by typography application factors in digital books. These four dimensions aim to contribute in the development digital books design, namely: formal, composition, technical and technological. The formal dimension brings together factors related of letters, and the compositions of words, phrases and paragraphs of text. The composition dimension deals with the information hierarchy and the relationship between text and other media present in page. The technical dimension addresses specific factors about typefaces and, in turn, the technological dimension reflects procedures and actions that involves typography as an interactive element in digital context.