Effectiveness of the school-based social and behaviour change communication interventions on insecticide-treated nets utilization among primary school children in rural Ethiopia: a controlled quasi-experimental design

Background School-based behaviour change communication interventions could help to achieve behavioural changes in the school and enhance the enrollment of the students and teachers as health messengers to local communities. Evidence on the impacts of the school-engaged malaria preventive interventions are limited as far as the social and behaviour change communication (SBCC) is concerned. This study examined the effectiveness of the school-based SBCC approach on insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) utilization among primary school students in malaria-endemic settings of Ethiopia. Methods Various participatory, educational, and communication interventions were implemented from 2017 to 2019 in 75 primary schools and respective villages in Jimma to promote malaria preventive practices. A quasi-experimental design was conducted with randomly selected 798 students (i.e. 399 intervention and 399 control groups). Data were collected by trained interviewers using structured questionnaires. The SPSS version 26 software was used to analyse the data. Propensity score matching analysis was performed to control for possible confounding biases. The average effects of the intervention were estimated using multivariate general linear modelling to estimate for mean differences and odds ratio based on the nature of data. Results The result showed that the ITNs utilization was 6.857 folds in the intervention groups compared to the counterpart; (OR = 6.857; 95% CI: (4.636, 10.1430); effect size = 39%). A mean differences (MD) of self-efficacy (MD = 15.34; 95% CI: 13.73 to 16.95), knowledge (MD = 5.83; 95% CI: 5.12 to 6.55), attitude (MD = 6.01; 95% CI: 5.26 to 6.77), perceived malaria risk (MD = 2.14; 95% CI: 1.53 to 2.76), and perceived family supports (MD = 6.39; 95% CI: 5.57 to 7.22) were observed favoring the intervention. Multivariable logistic regression modelling results showed that knowledge (β = 0.194, 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.35) and perceived family supports (β = 0.165, 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.25) and self-efficacy (β = 0.10, 95% CI: 1.22 to 2.32) predicted the ITN utilization among the school children. Conclusions The finding of this study suggested that the school-based SBCC approach combined with peer education activities advanced the malaria-related knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, risk perceptions, and family supports and ultimately improved the sustained use of ITNs among school-going children. Further research should be conducted to understand the mechanism of these effects given the influences of social, health services, and school systems are considered.

Effectiveness of the school-based social and behaviour change communication interventions on insecticide-treated nets utilization among primary school children in rural Ethiopia: a controlled quasi-experimental design

BackgroundSchool-based behaviour change communication interventions could help to achieve behavioural changes in the school and enhance the enrollment of the students and teachers as health messengers to local communities. Evidence on the impacts of the school-engaged malaria preventive interventions are limited as far as the social and behaviour change communication (SBCC) is concerned. This study examined the effectiveness of the school-based SBCC approach on insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) utilization among primary school students in malaria-endemic settings of Ethiopia.MethodsVarious participatory, educational, and communication interventions were implemented from 2017 to 2019 in 75 primary schools and respective villages in Jimma to promote malaria preventive practices. A quasi-experimental design was conducted with randomly selected 798 students (i.e. 399 intervention and 399 control groups). Data were collected by trained interviewers using structured questionnaires. The SPSS version 26 software was used to analyse the data. Propensity score matching analysis was performed to control for possible confounding biases. The average effects of the intervention were estimated using multivariate general linear modelling to estimate for mean differences and odds ratio based on the nature of data.ResultsThe result showed that the ITNs utilization was 6.857 folds in the intervention groups compared to the counterpart; (OR=6.857; 95% CI: (4.636, 10.1430); effect size=39%). A mean differences (MD) of self-efficacy (MD=15.34; 95% CI: 13.73 to 16.95), knowledge (MD=5.83; 95% CI: 5.12 to 6.55), attitude (MD=6.01; 95% CI: 5.26 to 6.77), perceived malaria risk (MD=2.14; 95% CI: 1.53 to 2.76), and perceived family supports (MD=6.39; 95% CI: 5.57 to 7.22) were observed favoring the intervention. Multivariable logistic regression modelling results showed that knowledge (β=0.194, 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.35) and perceived family supports (β=0.165, 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.25) and self-efficacy (β=0.10, 95% CI: 1.22 to 2.32) predicted the ITN utilization among the school children.ConclusionThe finding of this study suggested that the school-based SBCC approach combined with peer education activities advanced the malaria-related knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, risk perceptions, and family supports and ultimately improved the sustained use of ITNs among school-going children. Further research should be conducted to understand the mechanism of these effects given the influences of social, health services, and school systems are considered.

Effectiveness of the school-based social and behavior change communication (SBCC) interventions on insecticide-treated nets utilization among primary school children in rural Ethiopia: A quasi-experimental design

Background: Evidence regarding the impacts of school-engaged social and behavior change communication (SBCC) interventions on malaria preventive behaviors in rural primary schools is limited. This study examined the effect of the school-based SBCC approach on the utilization of the insecticide-treated nets among primary school students in malaria-endemic settings of Ethiopia.Methods: Engaging primary schools and community; various participatory, educational, and communication interventions were implemented from 2017 to 2019 in 75 rural primary schools in Jimma to promote malaria preventive practices in target the villages. A post-intervention quasi-experimental design was conducted with randomly selected 798 students (i.e. 399 intervention and 399 control groups). Data were collected by trained interviewers using structured questionnaires. The SPSS version 26 software was used to analyze the data. Propensity score matching analysis was performed to control for possible confounding biases. The average effects of the intervention were estimated using multivariate general linear modeling and chi-square tests based on the nature of the outcome data. P-value < 5% was considered for statistical significance. Results: The result showed a significant difference of 39% in the proportion of ITN utilization between the intervention and control groups; (95% CI: 38.23% to 39.77%). The intervention also led to a significant mean differences (MD) of self-efficacy (MD=15.34; 95% CI: 13.73 to 16.95), knowledge (MD=5.83; 95% CI: 5.12 to 6.55), attitude (MD=6.01; 95% CI: 5.26 to 6.77), perceived malaria risk (MD=2.14; 95% CI: 1.53 to 2.76), and perceived family supports (MD=6.39; 95% CI: 5.57 to 7.22). Multiple logistic regression modeling results showed that knowledge (β=0.194, 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.35) and perceived family supports (β=0.165, 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.25) and self-efficacy (β=0.10, 95% CI: 1.22 to 2.32) significantly predicted the ITN utilization among the school children. Conclusion: The finding of this study suggested that the school-based SBCC approach combined with peer education activities advanced the malaria-related knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, risk perceptions, and family supports and ultimately improved the sustained use of ITNs among school-going children. Further research should be conducted to understand the mechanism of these effects given the influences of social, health services, and school systems are considered.

An Overall Trend of Headache Remission during COVID-19 Pandemic for Chinese Patients with Pre-existing Headache Highlights the Role of Family Supports

Background: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on Chinese patients with pre-existing headache remains unclear. The present study investigated the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on headache patients in China.Methods: A survey was conducted through an online survey platform from June 6, 2020. Demographic characteristics, PHQ-9 scores, ISI scores, COVID-19 questionnaires and headache profile section were included in the online questionnaires.Results: Eventually a total of 15,000 participants from China completed the online questionnaire. Among them, 2806 participants (18.71%) had preexisting headache disorders. Our analysis showed a reality of those participants with remission of headache duration (3.414±6.859 vs 4.033±7.325, P=0.000), headache days per month (1.788±2.989 vs 2.092±3.694, P=0.000), and headache intensity (4.110±1.609 vs 4.290±1.680, P=0.000), during COVID-19. Smoking (OR=1.397, 95% CI 1.090 to 1.790, P=0.008) and getting support from family members during the social isolation (OR=1.656, 95% CI 1.075 to 2.550, P=0.022) were the independent factors of remission in headache duration. Education level (OR=1.478, 95% CI 1.103 to 1.980, P=0.009) and having relative or acquaintance got COVID-19 (OR=0.643, 95% CI 0.458 to 0.902, P=0.011) were the independent factors of remission in headache severity. And participants living in Wuhan area, having COVID-19 symptoms or COVID-19 diagnosis and having relative or acquaintance got COVID-19 are more likely to get headache deteriorated.Conclusions: Participants presented an overall trend of headache remission during COVID-19. Family supports played an important role in headache remission.

PROSES PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN UNTUK BERHENTI MENGGUNAKAN NARKOBA PADA MANTAN PECANDU NARKOBA DI WILAYAH DENPASAR

ABSTRAKBerhenti menggunakan narkoba merupakan kesulitan terberat bagi seorang pecandu karena sering sekali pecandu mengalami sugesti serta rasa sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan perilaku penggunaan, pemulihan kecanduan narkoba, dan proses pengambilan keputusan untuk berhenti. Metode kualitatif dengan rancangan studi kasus digunakan dalam penelitian ini, dimana lima orang informan dipilih dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam yang selanjutnya dianalisis dengan menggunakan thematic analysis. Teknik pengecekan keabsahan data dilakukan dengan cara peer debriefing dan studi literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya dua informan yang melewati semua tahapan proses berhenti yang dimulai dari tahapan menilai informasi baru, melihat alternatif-alternatif yang ada, mempertimbangkan alternatif, membuat komitmen, dan bertahan meskipun ada feedback negatif. Faktor terbesar yang dapat mempengaruhi keberhasilan untuk berhenti menggunakan narkoba adalah niat kuat dalam diri dan adanya dukungan keluarga yang positif. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan berhenti menggunakan narkoba dipengaruhi oleh niat dan adanya dukungan positif dari keluarga.Kata Kunci : Pengguna Narkoba, Proses Pengambilan Keputusan, Dukungan Keluarga ABSTRACTQuitting drugs is one of the most challenging goal for a drug addict because the addicts frequently face withdrawal and pain. This study aims to describe drugs use behavior, rehabilitation of drug addiction and decision-making process to quit drugs. Qualitative method with case study approach was applied on this study. Five informants were selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected by in-depth interviews which then analysed with thematic analysis. Data validity techniques applied for the study were peer debriefing and literature review. Study result revealed only two informants went through all stages of quitting process, starting from receiving new information, exploring available alternatives, making commitment and sustaining despite presence of negative feedbacks. The biggest factors that influence success of quitting drugs are strong internal motivation and positive family supports. This study showed that strong internal motivation and positive family supports are influential to the success of quitting drugs.Keywords: Drug, Decide, Family support