Epic Novel: to the problem of liberating terms from pseudo-meanings

The article examines the concept of an epic novel – a special historical genre phenomenon that arose as a result of the successful implementation by Russian classics of the second half of the 19th century. The author discusses the pseudo-names that appeared in Soviet literary criticism due to its politicisation and ideologisation back in the 1920s –30s and she shows that the terms of epic novel and epopee novel were used at the indicated time for the sake of the Communist party tasks, but contrary to their true meanings. As noted in the article, this required a rejection of the traditions of Russian classical literature, a rejection of the genetic memory of the universal vision of the world and human inherent in the epic novel. Analytical comprehension of the polemics of literary critics of different generations made it possible to show that a number of researchers who rightly saw the problem, forgot to “rehabilitate” the above concepts and transferred the line of denial of Soviet ideology to the terms themselves. The author of the article explains the importance of using the concept of an epic novel in its true meaning, in relation to the voluminous works of Russian classical literature.

THE LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF INFINITIVE AS AN ADJECTIVE WITH THE MEANING OF MOTIVATION IN RUSSIAN AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES

This article seeks to investigate Russian infinitive as an adjective with the meaning of motivation and the means to convey it in Persian language. Russian infinitive has noun or verbal forms, which can express semantic meanings by lexical and intonational units even into the function of adjective, while Persian infinitive in a sentence is expressed by a noun. Hence in some cases no problem can be seen in expressing Russian infinitive adjective with the meaning of motivation in Persian language, but in other cases, according to the context, Russian infinitive adjective in Persian should be conveyed as a verb form. During our research on the basis of comparative analysis, we studied infinitive as an adjective with the meaning of motivation by the variety of examples, which were derived from the epic novel "The Road to Calvary" by A.N. Tolstoy. Moreover we tested the Persian translation of these samples to demonstrate the language tools, which are used for expressing the aforementioned meaning by Russian infinitive adjective in Persian language.

State, power, people and people in the novel by A.F. Pisemsky “Men of the Forties”

We analyze the epic breadth of A.F. Pisemsky “Men of the Forties”, the timeless relevance of writer’s reflections on the possibility of a harmonious relationship between a person’s personal life and his activities for the good of country. We note that, in comparison with other works by Pisemsky, this novel, which tells about life of an ordinary person, contains a spiritual vertical, a view from the position of eternity, which gives it enlightenment and epic monumentality. The me-taphysical line of communication between many phenomena and events expands the space of novel. Pisemsky, who positions himself as the most truthful writer, matches the examples of reality to the desired models, moves away from his inherent pessimism, presenting several exemplary heroes and, if not an ideal, then the possible type of state and social structure of the country that is best for Russia. We analyze the influence of the “Dawn” magazine on the Pisemsky concept, we suggest that the writer needed a kind of moral and spiritual support of the Slavophiles to create an epic novel with a line of approval. Following the prominent publicists, lawyers and sociologists (V.Y. Danilevsky, A.D. Gradovsky) who published their articles in the “Dawn” magazine, Pisemsky’s hero turns to the model of a “all-estates-social” state based on nationality. Special attention in the novel is paid by the author to the motive of power over people, which puts a person in difficult and unnatural conditions for him.

Heroines of Leo Tolstoy's Novels and the “Stupefying Character” of Secular Existence

The article analyzes female characters in Leo Tolstoy's novels: from “Family Happiness” to “Resurrection.” By analogy with the autobiographical hero, the changing character of a heroine is revealed in the writer's works, while considering peculiar epic measures chosen by Tolstoy in the mid-1850s, which he used to evaluate a woman: beauty, intelligence, ability for solitude, attitude to work, religiosity. It is noted that the ideal of Tolstoy's woman was largely formed in letters to Valeria Arsenyeva while the writer was pondering his own path. Masha in “Family Happiness” begins a series of Tolstoy's heroines, who reflect Tolstoy's idea of ​​the best qualities of a woman. Tolstoy considers indifference, even contempt for society and worldly pleasures one of the most important components of a woman’s correct life. The author of the article examines central female images of the epic novel “War and Peace,” novels “Anna Karenina,” “Resurrection” in their relation to secular society. In the course of analyzing drafts and comparing them with final texts, the author demonstrates the writer’s work on the appearance and inner world of heroines by constructing them from often contradictory, contrasting descriptions, excluding unnecessary details from draft materials as well as episodes that had unambiguous and evaluative specifications.

Project of a dictionary of expressive means of creating an image of a foreign language environment (based on Kazakh and Khakass literature)

The work is a project of the author's dictionary based on translated texts from the Khakass language (N. Domozhakov's novel "in the distant AAL") and from the Kazakh (M. Auezov's volume epic novel "the Way of Abay"). The macrostructure and microstructure of the dictionary are presented.

The Decembrists in the Epic Representation of L. N. Tolstoy and N. A. Nekrasov

The article considers the most ambitious attempts in Russian literature of the 19th century to create an epic work on the material of the Decembrist movement and the fate of its participants made by L. N. Tolstoy in the genre of novel and by N. A. Nekrasov in the genre of poem. The study of main stages of Tolstoy's work on the unfulfilled plan of the Decembrists and Nekrasov's work on the poem Grandfather and the cycle of poems “Russian Women” allows to conclude that Tolstoy and Nekrasov, creating their epic works in prose and verse, came to extremely dissimilar results. Tolstoy’s psychologically deep sketches and hot and sometimes melodramatic pathos of Nekrasov’s poems formed in many ways contrasting artistic worlds. Tolstoy's moral search in the failed novel presupposes the resolution of social contradictions in the field of a kind of “religion of feeling” and causes a grandiose “side effect” — the creation of the epic novel War and Peace. Nekrasov’s poems, following the journalism of A. I. Herzen, laid the foundations of the Decembrist myth and the cult of the Decembrists as martyrs of the revolutionary faith. The hypothesis is put forward that Tolstoy's failure to work on a novel about the Decembrists and the low artistic viability of Nekrasov's “Decembrist” poems are explained by the lack of a basis for truly epic creativity in the historical material.

Ecological Aesthetic Implications of the Image of “White Deer” in The Plain of White Dear

The Plain of White Deer is an epic novel written by Chen Zhongshi based on Chinese folk mythology and traditional customs and with the Western magic realism creation method. The image of “white deer” in the novel, a regional symbol of Bai Lu Yuan, implies the mythological consciousness of nature worship, deity worship, ancestor worship and hero worship, and embodies the ecological aesthetic concept of harmony and unity among human, nature, and society. This paper focuses on the mythological worship consciousness implied in the image of “white deer”, and tries to explore its internal ecological aesthetic implications.