Gender and Labor Market

Gender is defined as the tasks, functions, and roles attributed to women and men in the public and private areas in society. The concept of gender is important in social state policies. The social state is a state that deals with the economic and social situation of individuals and seeks to ensure a minimum level of living, social security, and justice. In this kind of state disease, disability, death, unemployment, and similar cases, social security and assistance programs are in the foreground. Gender discrimination in the labor market in Turkey is a major problem. Women face a number of obstacles in this market. In particular, gender-based occupational discrimination affects women's position in the labor market. In addition to factors such as inflation, growth, and unemployment, gender roles play a role in the effectiveness of the female labor force in these markets. In this study, labor markets in Turkey will examine on the basis of gender and will be discussed in terms of insurance premiums and tax incentives for the period 2000-2019.

The Problem of Definition of Christian Sociology

This article suggests that different definitions of sociology follow from the different interpretations of its essence. The article points out also that a common flaw of many definitions of sociology is that they omit the intention and purpose of sociological science. Thereby, definitions of sociology by R. Kocharyan and A. Jijyan are presented, which explicitly mention the intentions and purposes of sociology. On the above basis, a preliminary definition of Christian sociology is suggested. Aimed at further elaboration of the subject, the authors consider the position of the Christian church regarding capitalism and socialism, the problem of free will, and certain aspects of Christian socialism related to the emergence of the social state in developed countries. This brings to a new understanding of the highest goal of the Christian religion – the salvation of the human soul – in the realities of the modern world. Accordingly, a definition of Christian sociology is presented with a detailed expression of its intention and purpose.

Theoretical foundations of constitutional consolidation of the principles of social state and law

The authors of this article analysed doctrinal provisions, as well as Ukrainian constitutional legal practice. The social component of the system of functions of the modern state was studied. The present article analyses the activities of states where an intellectual, political, and practical breakthrough was made in solving the problem of state functions in the context of socio-economic reform. Attention is drawn to the specifics of the implementation of social activities of the Ukrainian state. The methodological framework of this study includes the main general scientific methods, namely socio-economic methods and techniques of the empirical level of cognition, the method of systematic analysis of numerous theoretical provisions on positive law, historical and statistical methods, the method of comparisons and analogies, generalisation methods, an analytical review of the available scientific publications on the subject under study. Furthermore, scientific methods in the field of legal science were also employed, such as normative-logical, comparative legal, historical legal. It was concluded that a social state is a state whose policy has a priority social orientation, which is expressed in the appropriate service of civil society by the state, the creation of necessary and sufficient conditions for the realisation of economic, social, and cultural human rights, the guarantee of its social protection and social security, based on the socio-economic capabilities of the state based on the principles of justice, proportionality, and a harmonious combination (balance) of public and human interests

There is a relationship between the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the International Tax Law in the universal pandemic moments? – Education study

The unexpected pandemic 2020 context brings to humanity the effective relevance to the minimum existential, to the human rights, more than the discourse, but the real need of the protection from the main legal instruments. The paper proposes and discusses the connection with the need for tax collection by the states to meet the expenses of the social state, namely for education expenses, and whether the economic limitation caused by the current pandemic in face of the sharp decline in GDP and which has necessarily associated with a large decrease in the collection of tax revenues, which may compromise the right to education. From the findings of the study, concerning the new technologies and their dependence, the actual context shows that it is not an option but an effective need for everyone, so the states and the international community have the obligation to generate conditions of the best access and should promote the pedagogical need in this subject. Keywords: Fundamental rights, social state, taxes, property protection, education.

PROBLEMS OF CHOOSING THE RUSSIAN MODEL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL STATE

Статья посвящена изучению проблем российской модели социального государства и его развития. На сегодняшний день выбор правильной стратегии социальной политики является важнейшей задачей для ряда государств, поскольку ошибки в этой сфере деятельности государства могут привести к социальным волнениям не только в кризисные, но и в стабильные периоды. Есть потребность в комплексном рассмотрении проблемы и выявлении тенденций в данной сфере. Россия на конституционном уровне провозглашает себя социальным государством, но в то же время с определенной периодичностью мы сталкиваемся с решениями государственных органов, которые можно считать спорными с точки зрения положений Конституции РФ о социальном государстве. В связи с вышесказанным, мы приходим к выводу, что российскому законодательству в виде правовых норм различного уровня необходимо выработать единую социальную стратегию, которая должна соответствовать ряду критериев. Среди них важно выделить: четкость и конкретность желаемых результатов, реалистичность задач и их важность для общества, сроки их достижения. Следует также отметить необходимость привлечения к разработке целей, показателей эффективности концепции, мер социальных гарантий представителей различных общественных наук. The article is devoted to the study of the problems of the Russian model of the social state and its development. To this date, the choice of the right strategy of social policy is the most important task for a number of states, because mistakes in this area of state activity can lead to social unrest not only in crisis periods, but also in stable periods. There is a need for a comprehensive review of the problem and identification of trends in this area. Russia at the constitutional level proclaims itself a social state, but at the same time with a certain periodicity we are faced with decisions of state bodies which can be considered disputable from the point of view of provisions of the Russian Federation Constitution on a social state. In connection with the above, we come to the conclusion that the Russian legislation in the form of legal norms of different levels needs to develop a unified social strategy, which must meet a number of criteria. Among them it is important to highlight: the clarity and specificity of the desired results, the realism of objectives and their importance for society, the timing of their achievement. And in the development of goals, performance indicators of the concept, measures of social guarantees it is necessary to involve representatives of various social sciences.

Enabling Participation Income for an Eco-Social State

We revise Atkinson’s concept of a ‘participation income’ (PI), repositioning it as a form of green conditional basic income that is anchored in a capabilities-oriented eco-social policy framework. This framework combines the capability approach with an ‘ethics of care’ to re-shape the focus of social policy on individuals’ capability to ‘take care of the world’, thus shifting the emphasis from economic production to social reproduction and environmental reparation. In developing this proposal, we seek to address key questions about the feasibility of implementing PI schemes: including their administrative complexity and the criticism that a PI constitutes either an arbitrary and confusing, or invasive and stigmatising, form of basic income. To address these concerns, we argue for an enabling approach to incentivising participation whereby participation pathways are co-created with citizens on the basis of opportunities they recognise as meaningful rather than enforced through strict monitoring and sanctions.

THE QUESTION OF THE PERIODIZATION OF THE GENESIS OF THE SOCIAL STATE

Автор формулирует предложение для научного дискурса по поводу чрезвычайно актуального и необходимого для Российского государства феномена социального государства. Поднят вопрос единого представления о генезисе социального государства и его критериях. Исторические примеры, в которых показаны реализация и последствия социальных законов в различной государственной и общественной «почве», помогают определить место и разумное применение элементов социального государства в современной российской государственности. Жизнеспособные элементы для распределения этапов эволюции социального государства имеют аргументы различных авторов. На основании проведенного анализа четкость критериев периодизации генезиса социального государства предложено обозначить как совокупность (систему) признаков, перечисленных в настоящей статье. Сформулированная совокупность (система) признаков позволила утверждать, что зародилось социальное государство в эпоху Античной Греции. Более того, древнегреческая мысль в принципе оказала влияние на юридическое мировоззрение прошлого, настоящего и будущего. Здесь впервые использованы основные понятия теории государства и права, что на сегодняшний день является основой теоретических знаний правоведа. Уголовно-исполнительная система является социальным институтом, что обусловливает важность трактовки тематики истории и теории социального государства. The author formulates a proposal for scientific discourse, due to the unsolved, but extremely relevant and necessary for the Russian state, the phenomenon of the social state. The question of a unified idea of the genesis of the social state and its criteria is raised. Illustrative historical examples in which are the implementation and consequences of social laws help to determine the place and reasonable application of the elements of the social state in modern Russian statehood. The arguments of various authors have viable elements for the distribution of the stages of the evolution of the social state. Based on the analysis, the clarity of the criteria for the periodization of the genesis of the social state is proposed to be designated as a set (system) of the features listed in this article. The formulated set (system) of features allowed us to assert that the origins of the social state have their roots in the era of Ancient Greece. In addition, ancient Greek thought in principle influenced the legal worldview of the past, present and future. Here, for the first time, the basic concepts of the theory of state and law are used, which today is the basis of the theoretical knowledge of a jurist. The penal system is a social institution, which determines the importance of interpreting the topics of history and the theory of the social state.

II December Socio-Political Readings — “How Are You, Russia? The Russian Social State and Civil Society in 2020: The Implementation of National Projects in a Post-Pandemic Reality” (Moscow, December 10, 2020)

The paper presents the results of the II December Socio-Political Readings — “‘How Are You, Russia?’ The Russian Social State and Civil Society in 2020: The Implementation of National Projects in a Post-Pandemic Reality”. The National Research-to-Practice Conference with international participation was held by the Institute of Socio-Political Research and the Institute of Demographic Studies of the Federal Research Sociological Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in cooperation with the Faculty of Political Science of the Lomonosov Moscow State University and the Sociology Department of the Russian State University for the Humanities. The event was held in December 2020 in face-to-face/remote formats at the Institute of Socio-Political Research — Branch of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Readings were attended by the leading academics and young researchers of Moscow and regional research institutes and universities, as well as foreign scientists. The papers provided the analysis of current social, socio-political, social and cultural, demographic problems within the focus of academics, politicians, entrepreneurs, and civil society. The scientific discussion provided an opportunity to address and approve the best socio-political, and demographic models and development patterns, considering the revealed COVID pandemic factors.