A small, computationally flexible network produces the phenotypic diversity of song recognition in crickets

How neural networks evolved to generate the diversity of species-specific communication signals is unknown. For receivers of the signals one hypothesis is that novel recognition phenotypes arise from parameter variation in computationally flexible feature detection networks. We test this hypothesis in crickets, where males generate and females recognize the mating songs with a species-specific pulse pattern, by investigating whether the song recognition network in the cricket brain has the computational flexibility to recognize different temporal features. Using electrophysiological recordings from the network that recognizes crucial properties of the pulse pattern on the short timescale in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, we built a computational model that reproduces the neuronal and behavioral tuning of that species. An analysis of the model's parameter space reveals that the network can provide all recognition phenotypes for pulse duration and pause known in crickets and even other insects. Phenotypic diversity in the model is consistent with known preference types in crickets and other insects, and arise from computations that likely evolved to increase energy efficiency and robustness of pattern recognition. The model's parameter to phenotype mapping is degenerate-different network parameters can create similar changes in the phenotype-which likely supports evolutionary plasticity. Our study suggests that computationally flexible networks underlie the diverse pattern recognition phenotypes and we reveal network properties that constrain and support behavioral diversity.

Towards optimised seismic monitoring of hydraulic stimulations, the STIMTEC and STIMTEC-X experiments at Reiche Zeche Mine, Germany

<p>The STIMTEC and STIMTEC-X hydraulic stimulation experiments are designed to investigate hydro-mechanical processes controlling the enhancement of hydraulic properties in deep geothermal projects. We combine periodic pumping tests, high-resolution seismic monitoring, structural analysis and mine-back drilling into stimulated volumes in an effort to improve near-real-time monitoring, phenomenological models of the hydrofrac/hydroshear process, and prognosis strategies. The ongoing experiments are located at the Reiche Zeche underground laboratory in Freiberg, Saxony/Germany, at a depth of about 130 m below surface in strongly foliated metamorphic gneisses.</p><p>The most recent field campaign and initial phase of STIMTEC-X in October 2020 involved eleven local stress measurements in three existing boreholes, previously used for monitoring purposes, with varying orientations and lengths. We hydraulically tested nine previously stimulated intervals and performed eight dilatometer tests in previously stimulated and new intervals to determine deformation characteristics of induced hydrofracs and pre-existing fractures. We monitored these operations in real-time using an adaptive, high-resolution seismic monitoring network comprising six acoustic emission (AE)-type hydrophones, six regular AE sensors and four accelerometers. Hydrophones were never installed before in combination with hydraulic gauges or the double packer probe used for localized injection as during STIMTEC-X. Hydrophones were optimally placed for each measurement configuration anew with at least one deployed in the direct vicinity (~3-4 m) of the injection interval to make best use of the existing infrastructure. This led to an improvement in detection and localisation of induced AE events. A series of active seismic measurements allowed us to establish the polarization, amplitude sensitivity, detection ranges, resonance frequencies and suitability to detect S-waves of the hydrophones. Good signal to noise ratios were recorded for distances up to 17 m. The range of incidence angles, including incidence angles from the opposite direction, in which the sensor is facing, was obtained that can be used for magnitude determination.</p><p>A circulation experiment between the injection borehole and two newly drilled boreholes of 23 m and 30 m depth as part of STIMTEC-X is anticipated for March 2021. Here, we present lessons learned from seismic monitoring the STIMTEC and STIMTEC-X hydraulic stimulation campaigns and highlight the advantages of using adaptive and flexible networks. We present an overview of the STIMTEC-X experiment and first results addressing the heterogeneity in stress and deformational behaviour seen throughout the anisotropic reservoir.</p>

Adaptively Reconstructing Network of Soft Elastomers to Increase Strand Rigidity: towards Free-Standing Electro-Actuation Strain over 100%

Soft biological tissues and muscles composed of the semiflexible networks exhibit rapid strain-hardening behaviors to protect them from accidental rupture. In contrast, synthetic soft elastomers, usually featured with flexible networks,...

Survey on Software Defined Network based Botnet Attacks

Software Defined Network has been a solution to those problems which have emerged with the advancement of social interconnection through internet, cloud computing and internet of things. Along with the speed and efficiency of any network, there are certain other parameters which are of great importance for an organization. These organizations are demanding more flexible networks which are dynamic enough to change or mould the network according to their needs. Software Defined Network breaks the barriers of traditional way of networking, where as it is cost efficient as it simplifies hardware and software management, any change in the software defined networks are easily adopted. This paper has discussed about a major security threat that has emerged in past few years called botnets and also has discussed related work regarding Software Defined Network based botnets

Performance Enhancement of VNSIP approach, using MCAC algorithm

Ad Hoc Networks provide a real opportunity to design flexible networks, very simple to deploy. However they remain a particular computation environment, characterized by the deficiency of pre-existed and centralized infrastructure. In the other hand, SIP protocol, which knows a huge booming in internet networks, requires centralized entities, like proxy server, registrar server and location service; consequently SIP is not adapted to Ad Hoc networks. We have presented in a new technique VNSIP (Virtual Network for Session Initiation Protocol) to fix the problem related to constraints of SIP deployment in MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Networks). In this paper we use a new algorithm which we have called MCAC (MANET Call Admission Control) to improve VNSIP Performances