Penanda Kohesi Gramatikal dalam Novel Anak Rantau Karya Ahmad Fuadi

This study aimed to described the markers of grammatical cohesion in Ahmad Fuadi's novel Anak Rantau and to explain the dominant markers of grammatical cohesion found in Ahmad Fuadi's novel Anak Rantau. This type of research because the data is in the form of languange units (paragraphs, sentences, clauses, and phrases) which contain grammatical cohesion markers. The data source of this research is from the novel Anak Rantau by Ahmad Fuadi. Methods and technique the research data collection use the observation and note method and technique used, namely the tapping technique. The findings of this study are, first, the four markers of grammatical cohesion in Ahmad Fuadi's novel Anak Rantau by: (a) references or referred to as references are divided into three type, including: personal pronouns, demonstrative references, and comparative references. (b) conjuction and liaison is divided into three types, namely: liaison between clauses, liaison between sentences, and liaison between paragraphs. (c) substitution or what is commonly called restitution is divided into four types, nominal substitution, verbal substitution, fractal substitution, and clausal substitution. (d) ellipsis or impingement. Second, the dominant grammatical cohesion marker found in Ahmad Fuadi's novel Anak Rantau, namely the references contained in personal pronouns or what can be called a persona reference was found as many as 1193 data. The author of the novel mostly uses personal pronouns, especially in the pronoun persona III (third) closely bound form, namely 797 data found and mostly refers to the character Hepi and Lenon.

Development and Validation of Markers for the Fertility Restorer Gene Rf1 in Sunflower

Hybrid breeding in sunflowers based on CMS PET1 requires development of restorer lines carrying, in most cases, the restorer gene Rf1. Markers for marker-assisted selection have been developed, but there is still need for closer, more versatile, and co-dominant markers linked to Rf1. Homology searches against the reference sunflower genome using sequences of cloned markers, as well as Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC)-end sequences of clones hybridizing to them, allowed the identification of two genomic regions of 30 and 3.9 Mb, respectively, as possible physical locations of the restorer gene Rf1 on linkage group 13. Nine potential candidate genes, encoding six pentatricopeptide repeat proteins, one tetratricopeptide-like helical domain, a probable aldehyde dehydrogenase 22A1, and a probable poly(A) polymerase 3 (PAPS3), were identified in these two genomic regions. Amplicon targeted next generation sequencing of these nine candidate genes for Rf1 was performed in an association panel consisting of 27 maintainer and 32 restorer lines and revealed the presence of 210 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and 67 Insertions/Deletions (INDELs). Association studies showed significant associations of 10 SNPs with fertility restoration (p-value < 10−4), narrowing Rf1 down to three candidate genes. Three new markers, one co-dominant marker 67N04_P and two dominant markers, PPR621.5R for restorer, and PPR621.5M for maintainer lines were developed and verified in the association panel of 59 sunflower lines. The versatility of the three newly developed markers, as well as of three existing markers for the restorer gene Rf1 (HRG01 and HRG02, Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS)-marker H13), was analyzed in a large association panel consisting of 557 accessions.

Comparison among Methods and Statistical Software Packages to Analyze Germplasm Genetic Diversity by Means of Codominant Markers

Co-dominant markers’ data are often analysed as if they were dominant markers, an over-simplification that may be misleading. Addressing this, the present paper aims to provide a practical guide to the analysis of co-dominant data and selection of suitable software. An overview is provided of the computational methods and basic principles necessary for statistical analyses of co-dominant molecular markers to determine genetic diversity and molecular characterization of germplasm collections. The Hardy–Weinberg principle is at the base of statistical methods to determine genetic distance, genetic diversity, and its distribution among and within populations. Six statistical software packages named GenAlEx, GDA, Power Marker, Cervus, Arlequin, and Structure are compared and contrasted. The different software packages were selected based on: (i) The ability to analyze co-dominant data, (ii) open access software, (iii) ease of downloading, and (iv) ease of running using a Microsoft Window interface. The software packages are compared analyzing the same dataset. Differences among parameters are discussed together with the comments on some of the software outputs.

Marcadores moleculares

Molecular markers are becoming essential tools in many areas of biology including bio-medicine, breeding, forensics and diversity analysis. In addition they are also being exploited to locate and isolate genes of interest. A variety of DNA based molecular marker techniques are now available. Individual techniques employ different methods used routinely in molecular biology and different kinds of markers are distinguished by their capacity to detect polymorphism at one or many loci and whether they are dominant or co-dominant markers. The choice of marker system will depend on individual laboratory facilities and the applications of interest to each researcher.