September

This chapter details the east country in September. Mist was in the valley, every field in fog, and westerly gales brought drenching rain. Showery rain spotted paving, then an Indian summer shone inside the whole valley. Indian summer was a term used in rural New York in the 1770s, thus derived from Native Americans rather than the East Indies. On this continent, it was long a St. Luke's or St. Martin's summer, the latter for sun as late as November. It was autumn, yet still in flower were mallow and harebell, yarrow and white campion, and hawkweed and buttercup. High in hedge were rose hip and haw, wild damson, and blue-black sloe. The chapter then focuses on farms and farm identities.

Flat-cutting loosening in the system of fallow cultivation of chernozem soil and weediness of crops

The article presents the results of field experiments, where on the basis of podsolized heavy loamy chernozem the influence of replacement of mouldboard ploughing with nonmouldboard cultivation over top soil weediness, weediness at the beginning and end of spring crop vegetation and weed species composition before harve sting were studied. Investigation methods of main fall ploughing under spring crops of five-course rotation: soybeans–rape–wheat–flax–barley at the depths of 15-17, 20-22, 25-27 cm were conducted after post-harvest field tillage. Analysis of data on contamination of the top soil with weed seeds have shown that with the replacement of fall main mouldboard ploughing gwith nonmouldboard cultivation the figure before sowing of all crops withdifferent tillage depthat crop rotation average increased by 131-132%. It caused the increase of actual weed infestation of all crops and at the beginning and end of spring crop vegetationafter different depths of fall nonmouldboard cultivation compared with ploughing at crop rotation average it was 120–132 and 123-138%respectively. Species composition of weeds afterthe replacement of main fall mouldboard ploughing with nonmouldboard cultivation remained mainlyunchanged; although in rape plantings the proportion of white campion and early spring weed sincreased, in wheat plantings– wild mustard andscentless mayweed, insoybean plantings– late spring weeds, in flax plantings– white campion, and in barley plantings– scarlet pimpernel.