Preparation for passing the GTO norms as an effective form of organizing extracurricular activities of adolescents

Extracurricular activities are of great importance in the implementation of the basic educational program of basic general education. It, like educational activity, is aimed at achieving the planned results, but unlike it, it is carried out outside the classroom system. Among the various directions of the extracurricular organization of the educational process, sports and recreation are of particular importance for modern children. In their article, the authors propose to use preparation for passing the GTO as an innovative form of extracurricular work and, based on the analysis of special literature, as well as their own practical observations, they prove that, under certain conditions and technology, preparation for passing the All-Russian physical culture and sports complex «Ready for Labor and Defense» (GTO) becomes an effective way of organizing extracurricular sports and recreation activities, Revealing the scientific and theoretical foundations of the organization of extracurricular sports and recreation activities in a general education school, the authors confirm that the introduction of children and young people to passing the RLD norms ensures the physical and moral improvement of adolescents.

Organization Of Leisure In The Cities Of Karakalpakstan In 1960-1980

Organization of leisure of the population in the cities of Karakalpakstan in 1960-1980sis analyzed in the article as well as the meaning of the ‘leisure’ term is determined. The cultural leisure of townspeople was sufficiently divorced. The organization of the leisure was based not only on the party and state directions, but on active amateur involvement of the population groups in cultural life of the regions. Development of city infrastructure and increase of living standards of the population required improvement in all fields of industry and livelihood of the society. The peculiarity of leisure organization for Soviet citizens is uncovered in the article. It differs by its ideological purpose and intension to involve citizens into achievement of the goals stated by the government for the industrial enterprises. The methodology of the research is based on local materials. In this research we focused on specifics and problems of leisure and recreation activities of Karakalpak region during the studied period of time. The scientific novelty of the research is that the research of the leisure and recreation activities within the period from 1960’s to 1980’s has been studied for the first time in Karakalpakstan. The social problems of the region and ways to solve these problems by the government of the Republic were studied on the basis of statistic data, archives and articles of that period.

Recreation effects on wildlife: a review of potential quantitative thresholds

Outdoor recreation is increasingly recognised for its deleterious effects on wildlife individuals and populations. However, planners and natural resource managers lack robust scientific recommendations for the design of recreation infrastructure and management of recreation activities. We reviewed 38 years of research on the effect of non-consumptive recreation on wildlife to attempt to identify effect thresholds or the point at which recreation begins to exhibit behavioural or physiological change to wildlife. We found that 53 of 330 articles identified a quantitative threshold. The majority of threshold articles focused on bird or mammal species and measured the distance to people or to a trail. Threshold distances varied substantially within and amongst taxonomic groups. Threshold distances for wading and passerine birds were generally less than 100 m, whereas they were greater than 400 m for hawks and eagles. Mammal threshold distances varied widely from 50 m for small rodents to 1,000 m for large ungulates. We did not find a significant difference between threshold distances of different recreation activity groups, likely based in part on low sample size. There were large gaps in scientific literature regarding several recreation variables and taxonomic groups including amphibians, invertebrates and reptiles. Our findings exhibit the need for studies to measure continuous variables of recreation extent and magnitude, not only to detect effects of recreation on wildlife, but also to identify effect thresholds when and where recreation begins or ceases to affect wildlife. Such considerations in studies of recreation ecology could provide robust scientific recommendations for planners and natural resource managers for the design of recreation infrastructure and management of recreation activities.

DESCRIBING AND IDENTIFYING VARIOUS CONSTRAINTS OF PARTICIPATING IN OUTDOOR RECREATION ACTIVITIES AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS

The purpose of this study was to describe and identify various constraints of participating in outdoor recreation activities among female students of Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis. This study examined on the structural and intrapersonal factors. 150 respondents selected convenience at UiTM Perlis. The respondents were based on their education level, 75 for diploma and 75 for bachelor. Result showed that the highest mean for structural constraint was economic (M = 2.67) where else the highest mean for intrapersonal constraint was physical (M = 2.17). This finding also showed that there was no significance differences for structural constraints based on education level but there were significance differences for intrapersonal constraints based on education level: ‘Motivation’ (t =-7.03, p < 0.05), ‘Psychological’ (t = -6.31, p < 0.05) and ‘Physical’ (t = -4.77, p < 0.05) respectively. In conclusion this study expected to enhance as guide to the related parties concerned for overcoming the structural and intrapersonal constraints that influenced participating of recreational activities among female students specifically in UiTM Perlis. Hence, this study provided valuable factors that contributed as constraints among females as scope of interest to University and Ministry Youth and Sport in the future recreational phenomena of constraints to females participating in outdoor recreation activities as a whole nationwide.