Risk Factors for Suicidal Ideation and Self-Harm among Undergraduate Students in a Private University in Ogun State, Nigeria

Background: Today, the most prevalent and the leading cause of death among young people is suicide. Worldwide, suicide accounts for an estimated 6% of all deaths among young people. The study examined the various risk factors for suicidal ideation and self-harm amongst Babcock University undergraduates. Method: Descriptive survey research design was utilized with a multistage sampling technique to select 398 undergraduates. The instrument for data collection was a semi-structured questionnaire that sought information on the environmental, social, and intrapersonal factors influencing suicide ideation and self-harm. Results were presented via means and percentages for descriptive statistics; correlation and regression were used to determine the associations between suicidal ideation and the risk factors. Ethical clearance was sought from Babcock University Health Research Ethics Committee. Results: The distribution of participants showed that 46.0% (183) were males while 54.0% (215) were females. Environmental factors influencing suicidal ideation were computed and measured on a 21-point rating scale with a mean ± SD of 13.38±3.458. The respondents' mean ± SD for the social factors measured on a 27-point rating scale was 17.15±5.772. Correlation analysis showed that suicide ideation had a statistically significant relationship with gender (p<0.01), parents' spousal relationship (p<0.01), environmental (p<0.01), social (p<0.01), and intrapersonal factors (p<0.01). Self-harm had a significant relationship with parents' relationship (p<0.01), environmental (p<0.01), social (p<0.01) and intrapersonal factors (p<0.01). However, the practice of self-harm was not different across the two genders (p = 0.170). Conclusion: Suicidal behaviors have been seen to be a serious public health concern. The prevention and intervention programs of suicide and self-harm should consider the particular characteristics of adolescent suicide and self-harm. This should include social transmission and recognition of mental health disorders.

Factors affecting the grieving process after perinatal loss

Background Factors associated with the grief process in response to perinatal loss have been investigated. However, few studies focused on the intrapersonal factors, such as developmental and personality traits. Hence, this study aimed to investigate medical and psychosocial risk factors, including inter- and intrapersonal factors for the development of complicated grief following perinatal loss, while considering emotional support. Methods A total of 50 patients who were treated for grief due to perinatal loss at the National Center for Child Health and Development were divided into two groups according to the treatment period (< 6 months: n = 28; ≥ 6 months: n = 22). We compared medical and psychosocial variables between the two groups using the χ2 test and t test. All data were further analyzed using a logistic regression model to adjust for confounding effects. Results Patients who had traits of developmental/personality disorders (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 7.21, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21–42.9, P = .030), and those treated with psychoactive drugs (adjusted OR: 5.77, 95% CI 1.09–30.5, P = .039) required a longer treatment period (≥ 6 months). Conclusions Patients with personality/developmental traits and those with active psychiatric symptoms required a more extended treatment period in response to loss, suggesting the accumulation of negative factors in these patients; thus, more intensive and specialized care is necessary for these patients. Precise analysis of the coping style, attachment style, communication skills, and life history including relationship with the original family of the patients may have implications on the approach toward patients with complicated grief after perinatal loss. Studies with larger sample size are required to increase the reliability of the present findings, and future research should address the effects of the differential attachment and coping styles of patients with developmental/personality traits on the grief process.

Factors Affecting the Grief Process After Perinatal Loss: A Case Control Study

Background: Factors associated with the grief process in response to perinatal loss have been investigated. However, few studies focused on the intrapersonal factors, such as developmental and personality traits. To investigate medical and psychosocial risk factors, including inter- and intrapersonal factors for the development of complicated grief following perinatal loss, while considering emotional support.Methods: A total of 50 subjects who were treated for grief due to perinatal loss at the National Center for Child Health and Development were divided into two groups according to the treatment period (<6 months: n = 28; ≥6 months: n = 22). We compared medical and psychosocial variables between the two groups using the χ2 test and t-test. All data were further analyzed using a logistic regression model to adjust for confounding effects.Results: Subjects who had traits of developmental/personality disorders (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 7.21, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21–42.9, P =.030), and those treated with psychoactive drugs (adjusted OR: 5.77, 95% CI: 1.09–30.5, P =.039) required a longer treatment period (≥6 months).Conclusions: Patients with personality/developmental traits and those with active psychiatric symptoms required a more extended treatment period in response to loss, suggesting the accumulation of negative factors in these patients; thus, more intensive and specialized care is necessary for these patients. Precise analysis of the coping style, attachment style, communication skills, and life history including relationship with the original family of the patients may have implications on the approach toward patients with complicated grief after perinatal loss. Studies with larger sample size are required to increase the reliability of the present findings, and future research should address the effects of the differential attachment and coping styles of patients with developmental/personality traits on the grief process.

DESCRIBING AND IDENTIFYING VARIOUS CONSTRAINTS OF PARTICIPATING IN OUTDOOR RECREATION ACTIVITIES AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS

The purpose of this study was to describe and identify various constraints of participating in outdoor recreation activities among female students of Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis. This study examined on the structural and intrapersonal factors. 150 respondents selected convenience at UiTM Perlis. The respondents were based on their education level, 75 for diploma and 75 for bachelor. Result showed that the highest mean for structural constraint was economic (M = 2.67) where else the highest mean for intrapersonal constraint was physical (M = 2.17). This finding also showed that there was no significance differences for structural constraints based on education level but there were significance differences for intrapersonal constraints based on education level: ‘Motivation’ (t =-7.03, p < 0.05), ‘Psychological’ (t = -6.31, p < 0.05) and ‘Physical’ (t = -4.77, p < 0.05) respectively. In conclusion this study expected to enhance as guide to the related parties concerned for overcoming the structural and intrapersonal constraints that influenced participating of recreational activities among female students specifically in UiTM Perlis. Hence, this study provided valuable factors that contributed as constraints among females as scope of interest to University and Ministry Youth and Sport in the future recreational phenomena of constraints to females participating in outdoor recreation activities as a whole nationwide.

Disentangling the Drivers of Obesity: An Analytical Framework Based on Socioeconomic and Intrapersonal Factors

Obesity is increasing at exponential rates in developed economies despite the numerous policy interventions being implemented. The causes of obesity are multifactorial demanding a holistic review for targeted intervention. This study, therefore, provides a holistic overview of multiple factors affecting body weights i.e., socioeconomic and intrapersonal factors. We used data from a household and experimental survey carried out in Spain (Barcelona) in 2014. A non-linear path analysis was used considering the non-linear relationships that might exist between these factors and body weight. Results confirm non-linear relationships between some socioeconomic, intrapersonal factors and body weight. Among the intrapersonal factors, obesity is directly influenced by volitional control of obesity, attitude toward obese persons, holding a correct body image and body image dissatisfaction. Socioeconomic factors that have significant influence on obesity were age, education and gender. Risk attitudes do not correlate with obesity.

Defining quality of life for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders: Challenges within an inpatient population

Purpose: The concept of Quality of Life (QoL) for people with neurodevelopmental disorders primarily focuses on deinstitutionalisation and community inclusion. This population, however, often presents with comorbid diagnoses and is sectioned to treatment facilities under the Mental Health Act. The aim of this paper is to review the existing literature on QoL and discuss the consideration of this specialised population and the environment when measuring QoL. Methods: Databases were searched using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure literature reviewed was relevant to the defined population. The challenges identified from the literature were categorised into interpersonal and intrapersonal factors. Results: A total of 30 articles were retrieved and considered in this review. Conclusions: This paper discusses how these individuals present with different behaviours and opportunities, which subsequently make it difficult to apply existing knowledge of QoL. The need to further examine the QoL in this specific population is discussed.

Intrapersonal Factors Affecting Academic Probation Students in Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Academic probation students are considered a risk group as they do not meet the minimum academic requirements for a given semester. As such, factors affecting these students should be determined so that effective support or intervention programs can be carried out to assist this risk group. This paper examines the intrapersonal factors affecting academic probation students, specifically self-management, financial and health factors. Higher Education Needs Inventory for Students (HENIs) surveying tool was utilized on 81 academic probation students from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS. The criticality of the factors affecting the academic probation students is based on the HENIs index. Data analyses by HENIs indicates that self-management factor is the most critical factor amongst the three factors with a HENIs index of 2.52. Such an index value indicates a high level of seriousness. This is also supported by a positive correlation between self-management factor of academic probation students and suicidal ideation (R2 of 0.240; p-value of 0.001). Financial and health factors both scored a HENIs index of 2.38 and 2.17, respectively. These index values indicate a moderate level of seriousness.

Prospective Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Predictors of Initiation and Cessation of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Chinese Adolescents

(1) Purpose: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) possibly emerges as well as remits in adolescence. To explore the development and transition of NSSI, this study examined the association between a wide range of interpersonal and intrapersonal predictors of NSSI initiation and cessation. (2) Methods: Chinese adolescents (N = 913) completed self-reported surveys at baseline and at a six-month follow-up. The sample included 625 adolescents who reported no NSSI and 288 adolescents who reported engagement in NSSI at baseline. (3) Results: Among the adolescents without NSSI at baseline, 24.3% engaged in NSSI at follow-up (NSSI initiation group). Among the adolescents with NSSI at baseline, 33.3% reported no NSSI at follow-up (NSSI cessation group). Loneliness, beliefs about adversity, problem behavior, and prosocial behavior were the significant factors in predicting subsequent NSSI initiation. None of the potential predicting factors were associated with subsequent NSSI cessation. (4) Conclusions: These results indicate the importance of intrapersonal factors in Chinese culture, which could be used to identify at-risk adolescents and to design interventions.

Intrapersonal Factors Impact Advance Care Planning Among Cancer Patients

Background: Cancer patients infrequently engage in advance care planning processes. Establishing preferences for future medical treatment without advance care planning may not be patient-centered, as it fails to consider important factors that influence these important decisions. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of patient intrapersonal factors including race, religion, level of depression, and cancer stage on overall preferences for future medical treatment, including the presence of a (DNR), power of attorney, and advance directive. Design: A retrospective chart review design was used. Patients were included who were diagnosed with cancer at The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center from 01/2015 to 08/2019. Results: A total of 3,463 patients were included. Median age was 59 years (IQR: 49, 67) and the majority of the patients was female (88.7%). Compared with no religious preference, patients who identified as religious had 61% higher odds (95%CI: 1.08-2.40) of having a DNR and approximately 30% higher odds of having a power of attorney (95%CI: 1.08-1.62) or advance directive (95%CI: 1.02-1.64). Patients with clinically relevant depression had more than twice the odds of having a DNR versus patients with no/lower levels of clinical depression (OR: 2.08; 95%CI: 1.40-3.10). White patients had higher odds of having a power of attorney (OR: 1.57; 95%CI: 1.16-2.13) and an advance directive (OR: 3.10; 95% CI: 1.95-4.93) than African-American/Black patients. Conclusions: Understanding the factors that affect preferences for future medical treatment is necessary for medical professionals to provide proper care and support to patients diagnosed with cancer and their families.