Application of industrial engineering in blazer making

This paper is being developed in Blazer on industrial engineering. In the last few decades, the global economy, in particular in international commerce and manufacturing organizations, has evolved substantially. The technical framework of today is thus distinguished by productivity-oriented, which can be accomplished by industrial engineering. This paper presents the different principles & approaches used in industrial engineering, such as time analysis, work studies, line balancing and the outcome of organizational disintegration tests in Blazer. This research has focused on several kinds of machinery to produce a Blazer. The traditional manufacturing industry has issues such as low efficiency, longer lead time, high rework & re-work, poor line balance, low style shift flexibility, etc. The implementation of Industrial Engineering correctly resolved these issues. This study looks at how to develop Blazer's processes by using Industrial Engineering, wasting less resources, time, raw materials, human capital and electricity.

Style shift in translation: The case of translating Susan Glaspell’s Trifles into Arabic

This study examines style shifting in an Arabic translation of Susan Glaspell’s play, Trifles by Abbas Brashi. It presents an overview of the play, as well as its importance and relevance to Arab culture. It describes the different varieties of Arabic that exist as well as the one chosen for the translation, namely Modern Standard Arabic. The paper explains that the formal style of the target language text was chosen for the sake of wide readability and comprehensibility, as dialectal varieties of Arabic differ across and within Arab states and there is no standardised script. The other reason for the shift is to adhere to the norms of acceptable Arabic writing. The style shift observed in the translation of Trifles into Arabic is demonstrated in the translation of a number of linguistic phenomena, namely contraction, ‎elision, subject-verb agreement, and figurative multi-word ‎expressions.‎ The paper concludes that the formal Arabic version of Trifles may later be shifted to different informal dialectal varieties of Arabic when it is to be performed on stage. Therefore, the formal Arabic version of the play may be customised or adapted to one or more specific dialects of Arabic according to the time and place of each performance.

Prestige norms and sound change in Māori

Māori, the threatened language of the indigenous people of New Zealand, has been undergoing revitalisation since the 1970s. The MAONZE project (Māori and New Zealand English) has studied sound change in Māori by comparing the speech of historical elders, present-day elders and young speakers. Here we analyse the read speech from nine present-day elders and twelve young speakers and compare it with the results from our previous analysis of their conversational material to investigate whether style shift occurs in more careful Māori speech. Pronunciation change was restricted to the backing of long /u:/, a sound whose fronting had been stigmatised and of which older female speakers seemed to be particularly aware. We conclude that, although there is some indication of style-shift in the read material, ‘first wave’ (Eckert 2012) sociolinguistic methodology is not appropriate for Māori speakers whose notion of class and prestige differ from that of previously articulated sociolinguistic norms.

Individual differences in intra-speaker variation: t-glottalling in England and Scotland

This paper explores stylistic variation in the use of word-medial and word-final released and glottalled /t/ in London and Edinburgh. Specifically, it investigates the extent to which the social salience of a linguistic feature constrains individual differences in the degree and direction of intra-individual variation. Variation in the social salience of t-glottalling is explored in two linguistic contexts: word-medially, where it is high in London and somewhat lower in Edinburgh, and word-finally, where it is lower than in medial position in both places. Data is based on paired sociolinguistic interviews of 24 London-born adolescents and 21 Edinburgh-born adolescents. Results suggest that while style-shifting norms from speech to reading differ between London and Edinburgh adolescents, they are similar within the communities. However, there are many individual differences in the degree and direction of style-shifting and the latter are more pronounced in final position, where the social salience is weaker. There is also a somewhat large number of Edinburgh adolescents who diverge from the majority norm in medial position and who do not style-shift at all.

Style-shifting in Multicultural London English in an all-girls homework club

This study investigated whether and how pre-adolescent girls style-shift in Multicultural London English (MLE), a variety of English that is relatively new and potentially still changing. We looked at the extent to which five 11-year-old girls in a homework club in East London, where MLE is spoken, changed their pronunciations in different speech contexts. The results showed that the girls did indeed change their pronunciations in the different contexts (i.e. they style-shifted), and that the patterns of style-shifting varied between both the individual participants and the three vowels which were examined.

Car style-holon recognition in computer-aided design

Multi-scale design can presumably stimulate greater intelligence in computer-aided design (CAD). Using the style-holon concept, this paper proposes a computational approach to address multi-scale style recognition for automobiles. A style-holon is both a whole—it contains sub-styles of which it is composed—as well as a part of a broader style. In this paper, we first apply a variable precision rough set-based approach to car evaluation and ranking. Secondly, we extracted and subsequently computed the each car's characteristic lines from the CAD models. Finally, we identified style-holons using the property of a double-headed style-holon. A style-holon is necessarily included in a typical vertical arrangement with progressive accumulation and forms a nested hierarchical order called a holarchy of styles. We adopted an interactive cluster analysis to recognize style-holons. Our results demonstrate that car style depended on each brand's individual strategy: a car is a form endowed with some structural stability. The style-holon also demonstrated that the evolution of characteristic lines should preserve the property of functional homeostasis (the same functional states) as well as the property of homeorhesis (the same stable course of change). For many car companies, stable brand recognition is an important design specification. The proposed approach was used to analyse a set of car styles as well as to assist in the design of characteristic model lines. A designer can also use this approach to evaluate whether or not the strategic requirement—style alignment with the style-holon of benchmarked cars--is satisfied. Highlights A style-holon is double-headed: a part of a greater style that contains sub-styles. A car's characteristic lines preserve the properties of homeostasis and homeorhesis. The Chinese style offers a unique context to consider functionality of a whole style. Shift from functional to emotional performance demonstrated in Chinese car brands. Evaluates the strategic requirement of style alignment with the selected style-holon.

Stylistic Variation and Stancetaking in the U.S. House of Representatives

This paper contributes to previous research on how politicians use sociolinguistic variables to index their party affiliation, enact stances, and construct political identities. It does so by investigating the 2015 U.S. House of Representatives’ debate on repealing the estate tax, with a focus on the indexical meanings of the “American tax variable”, which consists of the lexical variants estate tax and death tax. In the televised debate, 23 speakers use 31 estate tax tokens and 46 death tax tokens. As the results indicate, the estate tax variant indexes an affiliation with the Democrats and a pro-tax stance, whereas the death tax variant is linked with the Republicans and an anti-tax stance. Apart from expressing these conventionalised indexical meanings, House members also style-shift between the variants and employ them to convey interactional stances of (dis)alignment and empathy, construct a political identity of in-betweenness, and promote a conservative version of Americanism.

Supernanny: An Intraspeaker Study of Addressee Effects in the Speech of Jo Frost

Limited research exists evaluating the extent to which intraspeaker style-shifting is conditioned by addressee age and addressee nationality. The current study investigated Supernanny Jo Frost’s realisations of (t) as glottal or non-glottal towards British and American adults and children. Frost was found to style-shift to child-directed speech (CDS) when addressing children, which is interpreted in terms of communication accommodation theory as a communicative strategy to enhance clarity. Frost generally avoided convergence towards her American (and British) interlocutors, such that her style-shifting was found to be conditioned less by addressee nationality than by addressee age. I argue that this avoidance of convergence was motivated by her desire to construct an authentic, authoritative identity, which she achieved through her exploitation of particular indexical meanings associated with [t] and [ʔ].