Using on-stream X-ray fluorescence analysis to determine the chemical composition of drill cuttings

Background. The authors investigate the problems arising from the lack of information on the chemical composition of the drilled rocks during the construction of a well. Aim. The aim of this study is to determine the possibilities and efficient application of the streaming XRF method for determining the elemental composition of unwashed drill cuttings. The contribution of the paper lies in the lack of experience in the world practice of using streaming XRF analyzers. Materials and methods. Furthermore, the authors evaluate the possibility to use the streaming XRF method for analyzing the chemical composition of drill cuttings for the development of the oil industry. At the same time, the application of the proposed method is justified. The basis of this study are the results of the application of the streaming XRF method using the CON-X 02 streaming spectrometer for analyzing the chemical composition of drill cuttings not washed from drilling mud. This project has been implemented according the technological project between Gazpromneft — NNGGF LLC in cooperation with Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University and Gazpromneft — STC LLC. Result. The article presents the results of determined main elements of the composition of drill cuttings. The authors have carried out the analysis of changes in the intensity of the characteristic lines of the main components from the sampling depth. Simultaneously, the authors show the possibilities to derive correlation curves for various elements characteristic of certain rocks in the geological section of a particular field. Moreover, the study reveals the identification and characteristics of geochemical signs of specific target layers. Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, authors may conclude that to obtain the correct results on the intensity of spectral lines of various chemical elements during streaming XRF analysis, there is no need to flush the cuttings from the drilling fluid. Finally, it is possible to qualitatively control the main elements of the composition of the drill cuttings.

Identification of cinnabar existing in different objects using portable coupled XRF-XRD, laboratory-type XRD and micro-Raman spectroscopy: comparison of the techniques

Cinnabar (α-HgS) is a common mineral used in various fields. The identification of cinnabar can be achieved by classic mineralogical methods and instrumental methods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is the most reliable instrumental method for identifying material phases, but the sampling process and the immovable instrument limit its wider application in the cultural heritage field. The occurrence of Assing S. p. A. Surface Monitor, a portable system integrating X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and XRD, provides researchers with a new solution. Raw mineral, polished gemstone, pigment powder and Chinese ink stick claimed to be composed of cinnabar were measured by the system as well as laboratory-type XRD and micro-Raman techniques in this study. The qualitative XRF results were applied to determining the elements existing in the samples and thus defining the range of possible phases. Patterns obtained were compared carefully with the characteristic lines to determine the most likely phases, while the pattern appearances were compared in order to recognize the different states of cinnabar and generalize the experience for identifying cinnabar by the system. The Raman spectra obtained were compared and analyzed in order to learn the best parameters and determine the real composition of each sample. The results indicate that the XRF detector is sensitive enough to distinguish cinnabar from another red pigment, minium (Pb3O4), without destructive preparation provided that the desired phases occupy a major content in the sample, while the laser micro-Raman is even better in application range and measurement speed but correct analysis of the spectra is highly dependent on experience and literatures. The portable coupled XRF-XRD system and the micro-Raman provide researchers with convenient and efficient options to preliminarily identify minerals like cinnabar, which is significantly meaningful to several research fields including mineralogy, heritage science, material science, etc. Article highlights Two efficient and non-destructive methods for the preliminary identification of minerals like cinnabar were developed. The optimum instrument parameters for the effective measurement of different cinnabar samples were given in detail. The study provides useful data for various fields including analytical science, material science, heritage science, etc.

Graphical Optimization Method for Symmetrical Bidirectional Corridor Progression

The graphical progression method can obtain grand coordinated schemes with minimal computational complexity. However, there is no standardized solution for this method, and only a few related studies have been found thus far. Therefore, based on the in-depth discussion of the graphical optimization theory mechanism, a process-oriented and high-efficiency graphical method for symmetrical bidirectional corridor progression is proposed in this study. A two-round rotation transformation optimization process of the progression trajectory characteristic lines (PTC lines) is innovatively proposed. By establishing the updated judgment criteria for coordinated mode, the first round of PTC line rotation transformation realizes the optimization of coordinated modes and initial offsets. Giving the conditions for stopping rotation transformation and determining rotation points, rotation directions, and rotation angles, the second round of PTC line rotation transformation achieves the final optimization of the common signal cycle and offsets. The case study shows that the proposed graphical method can obtain the optimal progression effect through regular graphing and solving, although it can also be solved by highly efficient programming.

Effect of The Nickel And Temperature Dependent Electrical Properties C-SiO2 -Ni Composites

The sol-gel method was chosen to synthesize C-SiO2/Ni nanocomposites, silica nanofillers were incorporated into a carbon based on resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF), doped with 5% nickel. During preparation process, they were subjected to a heat treatment of different pyrolysis temperatures and under an inert atmosphere for 2 h. The X- ray diffractogram presented by XRD of the samples treated at low temperatures, indicates the presence of characteristic lines of metallic nickel. FTIR analysis shows the presence of a main band located at about 1050 cm-1, which corresponds to the vibrations of Si-O-Si. From electrical characterizations, the C-SiO2-Ni5%-650 sample has a negative differential resistance‎ behavior (NDR) at low measurement temperatures. According to the I-V characterization, the C-SiO2-Ni5%-625 °C nanocomposite reveals the NDR behavior at room temperature. The conduction mechanism was fitted by two models: the hopping conduction model for the nanocomposite, treated at 650 °C, and the small polaron model for the composite treated at 675 °C.

Rapid Elemental Determination And Discrimination Of Coins Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Damaged coins can be identified effectively via spectral analysis based on LIBS, which is of great significance for coin recycling. This paper takes the Renminbi (RMB), the Chinese currency, as the example, including the denominations of YI FEN, ER FEN, WU FEN, YI JIAO, WU JIAO and YI YUAN. Some characteristic lines of Mg, Al, Fe, Cr, Cu, Sn, Ni, Na and Ca were observed in the spectra, as well as the molecular bands of AlO. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimension of the spectra of the different RMB coins. The samples after dimension reduction are classified by k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and 4 categories were obtained with a classification accuracy of 100%. Further, new spectra of different denomination RMB coins were added to the original data for the same analysis. The results are in good agreement which shows the potential of the combination of LIBS, PCA and KNN for the analysis and identification of different coins.

Star Formation Rate of the Low Redshift Dwarf Galaxies J080947.50+213717.2 and J151839.94+220514.4

We performed a spectroscopic analysis of two low redshift dwarf galaxies, SDSSJ080947.50+213717.2, and SDSSJ151839.94+220514.4 selected from a catalogue of Paudel et al. 2018. The strong emission lines of the SDSS spectra of both galaxies were studied and the elements responsible were identified for those characteristic lines. The line ratio between Hα and Hβ (Hα/ Hβ) for the galaxies SDSSJ080947.50+213717.2 and SDSSJ151839.94+220514.4 was found to be 2.77 and 2.75, respectively, suggesting these are nearly dust free and star forming galaxies.. The star formation rate of the galaxies SDSSJ080947.50+213717.2 and SDSSJ151839.94+220514.4 was found to be 0.0232 M☉yr-1 and 0.05221 M☉yr-1, respectively. The ratio between NII and Hα was used to calculate the emission line metallicity, which was found to be 8.13 dex and 8.46 dex for the galaxies SDSSJ080947.50+213717.2 and SDSSJ151839.94+220514.4, respectively. From the comparison of our findings with the previous studies, slightly lower star formation rate than normal galaxies were noticed. The metallicity value for both of the galaxies were positioned in the group of low-surface-brightness galaxies of Bargvell's dwarfs..

Folded Sheets as a Universal Material for Shaping Transformed Shell Roofs

This article provides a novel insight into specific properties of flat folded sheets transformed elastically into building roof shells. Elastic twist transformations of the sheets resulting from the arrangement of the sheets on two skew roof directrices cause changes in the geometric and mechanical sheet properties of the roof shell sheeting composed of these sheets. Regular smooth-ruled surfaces and their characteristic lines are used in the analysis of changes in the geometric properties. In the analysis of the mechanical changes, the constitutive relations and complex state of stresses are considered. The analysis is carried out on the basis of the results of the experimental tests and FEM computer simulations. They have led to the development of such a method of shaping of the effectively transformed folded covers that ensures the initial effort of each shell fold to be the smallest possible.

Fast Determination of Phosphorus Concentration in Phosphogypsum Waste Using Calibration-Free LIBS in Air and Helium

This work represents a novel method to determine phosphorus (P) concentration in phosphogypsum (PG) waste samples using calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). A 50 mJ Q-switched Nd: YAG laser has generated the PG LIBS spectrum. Spectroscopic analysis of plasma evolution has been characterized by electron density Ne and electron temperature Te using the emission intensity and stark broadening for P I characteristic lines 213.61, 214.91, and 215.40 nm under non-purged (air) and purged (helium) conditions. It was found that both Te and Ne have significant changes linearly with P concentrations 4195, 5288, 6293, and 6905 ppm. The values of plasma Te and Ne increased from about 6900 to 10000 K and 1.1×1017 to 3.4×1017 cm− 3, respectively, for the non-purged PG. On the other hand, Te and Ne ranged from 8200 to 11000 K and 1.4×1017 to 3.5×1017 cm− 3, respectively, for the PG purged with helium. It is concluded that Te and Ne values represent a fingerprint plasma characterization for a given P concentration in PG samples, which can be used to identify P concentration without a PG's complete analysis. These results demonstrate a new achievement in the field of spectrochemical analysis of environmental applications.