Goals and potential of study the rebel corps commanders of the Civil War

The necessity of further study of the people’s leaders during the Civil War is argued and the main tasks and directions of research work are proposed. The need to study the family circle of partisan and rebel leaders in the context of the demographic situation in Russia is assessed. Considerations are given on the importance of a comprehensive study of their biographies in order to understand the motives and possibilities of participation in the Civil War. Attention is drawn to the frequent situation of the leadership of brothers in the rebel movement. Estimates of the military abilities of the people’s leaders and their orientation are proposed. Perspective archives for the development of the topic are indicated. The importance of the rebel ego-documents is noted, of which there are relatively few, but research work with them is promising. The importance of ethnic and gender aspects of popular leadership is emphasized. The phenomenon of psychological kinship of people of the same environment, separated by military-political confrontation, is emphasized. Attention is paid to the party and political affiliation of the military leaders of the Civil War and their perception by their subordinates, population, descendants. The question is raised about how politically sophisticated were the military leaders of the civil strife. Thus, a scheme for studying the phenomenon of popular military and political leadership in the Civil War is proposed, based on available sources and a wide range of biographical data.

Secondary Musical Personality: Structure, Psychological Mechanism of Development

Today’s socio-cultural situation requires new approaches to education. The aesthetic and semiotic approach promotes the humanization of the modern education and the development of the student’s holistic creative personality by means of classical musical art. From the standpoint of the aesthetic and semiotic approach, music is understood as a complex psychosemantic text. Due to the theoretical analysis of the studies of a secondary language personality and the studies of music and speech psychological kinship, the notion of a secondary musical personality as a kind of a secondary linguistic personality has been elaborated. The author has developed the structure and disclosed a psychological mechanism for developing a secondary musical personality. This psychological mechanism was tested as part of the longitudinal study. The structure of a secondary musical personality is presented as an aggregate of musical and cognitive, motivational, emotional, communicative, pragmatist, and spiritual and moral (axiological) components. The psychological mechanism for developing a secondary musical personality is a system of interrelated conditions and factors. These conditions and factors include: the complexity, polysemy, and semantic versatility of a musical text; musical valence; the psychological mechanism of figurative verbalization, etc. Musical enculturation serves as a universal developing mechanism.

Willingness to Invest in Children: Psychological Kinship Estimates and Emotional Closeness

In general, adults invest more in related children compared to unrelated children. To test whether this pattern reflects variations in psychological kinship estimates (i.e., putative relatedness weighted by certainty in relatedness), willingness to invest in children belonging to different categories (direct offspring, nieces/nephews, stepchildren, and friends’ children) was measured in a population-based sample of 1,012 adults. Respondents reported more willingness to invest in their own biological children, than in other related children (nieces and nephews), or in stepchildren and friends’ children. Compared to putative relatedness, respondents’ psychological kinship estimates better predicted the willingness to invest. This association was partially mediated by emotional closeness. Additionally, the age of a child and the number of children in the care of the respondent were negatively associated with willingness to invest. The association between psychological kinship estimates and willingness to invest supports evolutionary predictions. Investment in stepchildren was, however, higher than expected.

Recognizing, Assessing, and Classifying Others: Cognitive Bases of Evolutionary Kinship Therapy

The practice of psychotherapy revolves around human relationships, especially between client and therapist. At base, psychotherapy is “a species of human interaction that establishes the therapist as a protective figure or secure base in a way that facilitates client growth and change” (Bailey, 1997). This secure interpersonal base enables the client to confront inner conflict, interpersonal conflict/deficiencies, and negative thoughts about the self and others (see Gilbert this volume). Evolutionary kinship therapy views the client-therapist relationship, and client relations with others, through an evolutionary lens that focuses on the role that ancestral human relationships played in shaping current social behavior (Bailey, 2000; Bailey & Wood, 1998). This article outlines psychological kinship theory and then applies the logic of the model to selected aspects of the client-therapist relationship.

PSYCHOLOGICAL KINSHIP FULFILLMENT AND DATING ATTRACTION

Males and females (N=185) were assigned to High and Low psychological kinship groups using the Nava and Bailey (1991) Kinship Scale. The KS measures an individual's desire to have “as-if’ family type need fulfillment in nonbiologic relationships, such as dating. Ss were asked to mentally visualize a present or past dating partner and to express love and liking for the partner as well as provide physical attractiveness ratings for self and partner. Results indicated that Hi Kinship Ss clearly loved and liked their dating partners more than Lo Kinship Ss, and within-person congruency of physical attractiveness ratings characterized LoMales and Hi-Females. It appears that kinship need fulfillment can impaq3 cognitive functioning as well as affective responses (i.e., love-liking feelings).