ARTIFACTS OF FORMED ELEMENTS AND PLASMA OF BIRD BLOOD, THEIR GENESIS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE

The work is devoted to the study of literature data (humane and veterinary medicine) and the practical analysis of artifacts formed elements and plasma in peripheral blood smears of birds in a model of broiler chickens Gallus gallus L. of early postnatal ontogenesis. The age of the studied clinically healthy chicks and young hens was: day 1, day 7, day 23 and day 42 (n = 40). We studied 158 (n = 158) high-resolution color micrographs of the fields of view, in blood smears stained according to Pappenheim. As a result, single artifacts of avian erythrocytes were identified: cytoplasmic vacuoles of various pattern character, scalloped «bitten» edges of cells. Artifacts of blood plasma were found: pericellular and adhesioned on the cell surface of colored coagulated granularity. In some cases, this granularity imitated the toxic forms of granulocytes and agranulocytes in the peripheral blood of birds. It is necessary to distinguish artifacts of cells and plasma in peripheral blood smears from adaptive changes and symptoms of infectious, invasive and non-infectious diseases.

Immunoglobulin profile of the mucous membranes of the large intestine in lambs in early postnatal ontogenesis

The paper presents data reflecting the dynamics of immunoglobulins of classes G and A in the mucous membrane of the blind, colon and rectum of lambs in colostrum, milk and mixed periods of nutrition, compared with similar data of sheep 3-5 years of age. Various biotopes of the digestive system of animals perform not only the digestive, but also a protective function. It is known that about 80% of all immunocompetent cells of organism are located in the mucous membrane of the small and large intestines in sheep. An important role in protecting against pathogens is played by various classes of immunoglobulins, the dynamics and functions of which, in the mucous membrane of the cecum, colon and rectum of sheep, are still being debated. In connection with the foregoing, the aim of the work was to quantitatively characterize IgG and IgA in the mucous membranes of the large intestine and their functional relationship with microflora (Bifidobacterium). In lambs, during the period of early postnatal ontogenesis in the mucous membrane of the large intestine, the content of immunoglobulins of classes G and A is different. It was established that the level of IgG and the quantitative content of bifidobacterium in the large intestine are functionally independent; in the colon and rectum, IgA and Bifidobacterium correlate. Thus, the concentration of IgG depends on the flow of colostrum into the intestines of the lamb in the first day after birth, and the level of IgA from colonization of the large intestine by dominant microflora.

Effect of serotonin on myocardial contractility in newborn rats with excess and deficiency of serotonin in the embryonic period

Serotonin as a neurotransmitter (5-HT) plays a crucial role in the cardiovascular system. Serotonin is a humoral system of regulators and modulators of physiological processes. Under pathological conditions, these processes can turn into factors contributing to the development of diseases such as atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, and pulmonary hypertension. The 5-HT4 and 5-HT2B receptors are found in cardiomyocytes. During the embryonic period, serotonin acts as a growth factor and plays an important regulatory role in the crucial period of embryonic development, in particular, a heart of an embryo. Therefore, any interference with this system in the womb can disrupt the normal development of the cardiovascular system. In the given study, there is some data provided to indicate that a change in the serotonin concentration created by the serotonin synthesis and the membrane serotonin transporter blocked in the embryonic period of ontogenesis, affects the inotropic function of the right ventricular myocardium in early postnatal ontogenesis, which is caused by a change in the contraction time in the groups under the experiment. Thus, statistically the response of cardiomyocytes to serotonin is significantly higher in the group with an excess of serotonin and significantly lower in the group with a deficiency of serotonin compared to the control group.

Characteristic of exocrine function of the pancreas in premature newborns

Premature babies in early postnatal ontogenesis are characterized by the immaturity of many functional systems, including the digestive system. The imperfection of the motor-evacuation function of the gastrointestinal tract in them is combined with insufficient activity of the enzyme systems, the peculiarities of the formation of the microbial landscape of the colon, which contributes to the development of digestive dysfunctions and complicates enteral feeding, especially in deeply premature infants. In order to determine the parameters pancreatic elastase (PE) in premature infants, depending on the gestational age and the nature of feeding, 135 newborns were examined (108 premature infants with a gestational age of 22 to 32 weeks and 27 term infants). All children underwent a general clinical examination, as well as a study for PE on the 13–14th day of life, when the volume of enteral nutrition reached 70 percent or more. Analysis of the study results revealed a clear relationship between the degree of prematurity and the severity of pancreatic insufficiency. A clear relationship between fecal elastase indicators and the type of feeding was determined. The most favorable situation is observed in exclusively breastfed children, who have the highest fecal elastase values, which practically do not differ from the control values. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of these Institutes. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: premature, elastase, pancreatic insufficiency.

DYNAMICS OF RAT SKIN FORMATION DURING THE TRANSITION FROM PRENATAL TO EARLY POSTNATAL ONTOGENESIS

The peculiarities of the skin formation as an organ are the basic knowledge for studying the aging and regeneration process. During studying this issue it is necessary to take into account the exogenous factors affecting the skin, which, in turn, is a "barrier organ". The study was carried out on the skin of male Wistar rats in the late prenatal and early postnatal periods. At the initial stages of its formation, the skin undergoes its morphofunctional changes such as thickening of the epidermis and the appearance of the stratum corneum, as well as thickening of the dermis and changes in the collagen fibers shape that make up its structure. The formation of the skin as a full-fledged "barrier organ" occurs in early postnatal ontogenesis.

FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF BIRDS’ BLOOD LEUKOCYTES

The present research was carried out in an attempt to identify the problems associated with the morphofunctional analysis of vertebrate animal’s leukocyte blood cells. For this blood samples of four age groups chickens (Gallus gallus L.) were collected and analysis was carried out as per the recommendations of the International Council for Standardization in Hematology for the identifying morpho-physiological characteristics of leukocytes of peripheral blood of birds. Results of the current study were based on the sample of early postnatal ontogenesis based on the analysis of high-resolution color microphotographs taken by the method of light-optical microscopy. Results of the current study revealed that the cells have the well-designed of all granular leukocytes typical "eosinophilic" nucleus with two segments. Sometimes cells contain polysegmental nuclei that are eccentrically located. Further, in contrast to heterophils, the eosinophilic nucleus has well-expressed contours, formed by irregularly shaped chromatin blocks with an optically denser structure. There are also eosinophils with stick-nuclei. The smallest blood granulocytes of the birds are basophils. Basophils differ in structure slightly basophilic color cytoplasm with intensively basophilic granules of rounded or other forms of different size. The sizes of granules in basophils are smaller than the other types of granular leukocytes. Thus, based on the analysis of qualitative color microphotographs of white blood cells of chickens of neonatal ontogenesis performed by optical microscopy, the differential morpho-physiological markers of leukocytic cells of peripheral blood of birds were marked and characterized.