Corporation Tax, the Exchange Rate, and Cross-Border Firm Mobility

In this paper, we extend a new open economy macroeconomics (NOEM) model to examine the effects of a corporate tax reduction on home and foreign countries. The feature of this open economy model is that cross-border relocation of firms is allowed. We show that (i) a reduction in the home corporate tax rate induces an exchange rate appreciation (depreciation) when the degree of cross-border firm mobility is large (small) and (ii) when the degree of cross-border firm mobility is large (small), a reduction in corporate tax is beneficial (detrimental) to the domestic country but detrimental (beneficial) to the foreign country.

Foundations for the LPC

Foundations for the LPC covers the areas of the Legal Practice Course as set out in the LPC Outcomes: professional conduct and regulation, wills and administration of estates, and taxation. The volume also features content on human rights law. The volume uses worked examples and scenarios throughout to illustrate key points. To aid understanding and test comprehension of the core material, checkpoints and summaries feature in every chapter. The book covers topics such as professional conduct (including financial services and money laundering), revenue law (including income tax, capital gains tax, VAT, corporation tax, and inheritance tax), wills and administration of estates, and issues related to human rights.

Determinantes de la presión fiscal de las empresas societarias españolas por el impuesto de sociedades durante la crisis económica (2008-2015)

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo fundamental analizar los determinantes de la presión fiscal de las empresas españolas en la época reciente y, en especial, si en una época de fuerte crisis económica, como la Gran Recesión, las grandes empresas con más rentabilidad han ejercido su poder político para reducir sus costes fiscales o si, por el contrario, han soportado una parte del coste político en forma de más impuestos. Para el análisis utilizamos el tipo impositivo efectivo (TIE) del Impuesto de Sociedades (IS), tomando como variables determinantes del TIE las establecidas por cada una de las dos hipótesis señaladas: tamaño y rentabilidad económica. Además, incluimos como variables de control el endeudamiento y la intensidad de capital. Utilizamos una regresión econométrica siguiendo el Método Generalizado de los Momentos de Arellano-Bover (System GMM), para una muestra de 3.362 empresas, extraída aleatoriamente de la base SABI, con datos referidos al periodo 2008-15, con valores totales y segregando por sectores productivos y obtenemos como resultado que se tiende a cumplir la hipótesis del coste político, tanto a nivel general de la economía como en la mayoría de sectores, lo que, entre otras causas, asociamos a la presión del Gobierno por controlar el déficit público durante la crisis. Además, analizamos si la carga fiscal por el IS resulta diferente según el sector o la residencia fiscal, mediante un análisis estadístico. En este caso los resultados muestran que aquellos sectores con mayores niveles de capitalización registran TIE más bajos y que aquellos más intensivos en mano de obra tienen TIE más altos. En cuanto a la C.A. de residencia, el único resultado estadísticamente significativo es la existencia de un mayor TIE en Madrid que en el resto de Comunidades, debido a la domiciliación fiscal de las empresas más importantes y grandes en la capital. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the determinants of Spanish company tax burden in recent times and, in particular, to ascertain whether at a time of deep economic crisis, such as the Great Recession, larger and more profitable companies exert their political power in order to reduce their fiscal costs or whether, by contrast, they bear part of the political costs in the form of more taxes. For the analysis, we use the effective tax rate (ETR) of Corporation Tax (CT), taking as ETR determinant variables those established by each of the two hypotheses indicated: size and economic profitability. In addition, we include indebtedness and capital intensity as control variables. We use econometric regression, following the Arellano-Bover Generalized Method of Moments (GMM System) for a sample of 3,362 companies, randomly extracted from the SABI base, drawing on data for the 2008-15 period, with total values and segregating by production sectors. We find that the political cost hypothesis tends to be fulfilled, both at a general level of the economy and in most sectors. Among other causes, we associate this to government pressure to control public deficit during the crisis. Using statistical analysis, we also examine whether the tax burden for CT differs depending on the sector or fiscal residence in question. In this case, results show that sectors with higher levels of capitalization evidence a lower ETR and that those which are more labour intensive display a higher ETR. As for the region of residence, the only statistically significant result is the existence of a greater ETR in Madrid than in the rest of the regions, due to the fiscal domicile of the largest and most important companies being seated in the capital.

8. Corporation tax

All companies incorporated in the UK which actively carry on business are liable to pay corporation tax (CT) on their taxable profits. This chapter considers the charge to CT with particular focus on calculating chargeable income profits and allowable deductions; the treatment of company capital gains and capital losses; trading loss relief; capital allowances; and close companies.

18. The corporation tax system

This chapter deals with the corporation tax system, which determines the tax liability of companies. It discusses the calculation of profits; tax assessment; relief for trade losses; and taxation of close companies.

UK ‘levelling-up’ agenda will likely disappoint

Significance ‘Levelling up’ has always been an objective of UK governments, but the political pressure on this government is huge as the Conservatives looks to hold onto many of the ‘left-behind’ constituencies they won in the 2019 general election. Impacts Leveraging corporation tax to fund left behind regions may discourage investment in high-value services in London and the south-east. Concerns over the constitutional future of Scotland will further discourage the government from considering regional devolution. The opening of society in the coming months amid a successful vaccine rollout could give an important boost to Johnson’s popular support.

Steuerliche Verlustnutzung im Rückwirkungszeitraum

The taxpayer’s freedom of tax structuring and the legislative interest in effective anti-tax abuse measures are at odds. This conflict of interest is particularly distinct in the area of tax loss utilisation. At the same time, the constitutional foundation of tax loss utilisation increasingly loses sight. By using paragraph 2(4) German Reorganisation Tax Act as an example, the present work examines the constitutional limits of loss offsetting restrictions. It analyses its close connection to paragraph 8c German Corporation Tax Act and considers the provision in light of the European understanding of tax abuse. The results of the analysis conclude in an amendment proposal for paragraph 2(4) German Reorganisation Tax Act, which takes into account national and European requirements.

Can the UK Tonnage Tax Minimum Training Obligation Address Declining Cadet Recruitment and Training in the UK?

This chapter presents a critical analysis of the capacity of the nation-state to develop and implement effective policy interventions on behalf of national labour interests in highly globalized industries. This follows the consistent observation that, under neoliberal capitalism, governments have lacked the power and/or will to implement pro-labour legislation in the same way as they have done for capital (Fourcades-Gourinchas and Babb 2002; Peck 2004; Kotz 2015). This discussion is developed with reference to the Tonnage Tax policy, introduced by the UK government in 2000, as the key policy strategy to revitalize the ailing shipping industry (Department for Transport 1998). In the broadest terms, the strategy is a tax concession designed to attract British ship owners to re-flag their ships to the UK national register, retain the majority of their ship management in the UK and train British seafarer cadets (Selkou and Roe 2002; Brownrigg et al. 2001; Gekara 2010). The core of the strategy, i.e. the tax element, represents an alternative system of calculating corporation tax for shipping companies based on fixed rates and with reference to a shipping company’s total operating tonnage per year rather than its total income, which represents a highly reduced rate of taxation. To specifically address the decline in the British national seafarer labour market and the supply of British officers, a Minimum Training Obligation (MTO) was included for all British-registered ships, which simultaneously incentivized and compelled shipping companies to increase their cadet recruitment and training activities (Selkou and Roe 2002).