Bitcoin Prediction Using Multi-Layer Perceptron Regressor, PCA, and Support Vector Regression (SVR)

Bitcoin has gained a tremendous amount of attention lately because of the innate nature of entering cryptographic technologies and money-related units in the fields of banking, cybersecurity, and software engineering. This chapter investigates the effect of Bayesian neural structures or networks (BNNs) with the aid of manipulating the Bitcoin process's timetable. The authors also choose the maximum extensive highlights from Blockchain records that are carefully applied to Bitcoin's marketplace hobby and use it to create templates to enhance the influential display of the new Bitcoin evaluation process. They endorse actual inspection to check and expect the Bitcoin technique, which compares the Bayesian neural network and other clean and non-direct comparison models. The exact tests show that BNN works well for undertaking the Bitcoin price schedule and explain the intense unpredictability of Bitcoin's actual rate.

The Grondona System of Conditional Currency Convertibility Based on Primary Commodities

Taking a different approach to the problem, Leo St. Clare Grondona devised a system of conditional currency convertibility that individual countries can implement independently in terms of their own currency. For each of the durable, essential, imported commodities included in the system, instead of stipulating a price-range to be maintained, Grondona stipulated a “price-schedule” in which the price-range to be guaranteed for each commodity adjusts in proportion to the quantity of reserves held, falling as they rise and vice versa. In this way the maximum possible outlay that could be required, even under extreme market conditions, can be decided in advance. Consequently, a government establishing a Commodities Reserve Department (CRD) to implement such a system could legitimately pay for reserves through corresponding expansion of the national money supply, which would be reversed as and when the reserves were repurchased.

Simulation of Four National CRDs' Operations

This chapter introduces simulations of how CRDs might have actually operated in the four different countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, Turkey, and Pakistan if they had been established in 2009. Two types of data are used, all from publicly accessible databases. The first is data on the annual quantity and cost of imports to each country for three or more years prior to the start of the simulation, from which each CRD's initial “Index” price for each commodity is calculated, as well as the size of the CRD's “Block” of reserves. The second type of data is quarterly market prices of each commodity, and the national exchange-rate where needed, through the period of the simulation, from which changes in the CRDs' reserves are calculated. For each country the level of reserves of the different commodities held by the CRD are clearly seen to automatically vary counter-cyclically as traders sell to or buy from the CRD at the prices in its price-schedule for each commodity.

Nonlinear Pricing with Average-Price Bias

Empirical evidence suggests that consumers facing complex nonlinear prices often make choices based on average (not marginal) prices. Given such behavior, we characterize a monopolist’s optimal nonlinear price schedule. In contrast to the textbook setting, nonlinear prices designed for “ average-price bias” distort consumption downward for consumers with the highest marginal utility and typically feature quantity premia rather than quantity discounts. These properties arise because the bias replaces consumer information rents with “curvature rents.” Whether or not a monopolist prefers consumers with average-price bias depends upon underlying preferences and costs. (JEL D11, D21, D42, L12)

The Secret Menu in Health Care: A Cash Market for Imaging in California

In addition to the prices they negotiate with private health insurers, most providers also have a cash price schedule for patients who have the wherewithal to ask and are willing to pay in full when they receive a service. This is the first study that estimates the potential cost saving of allowing privately-insured consumers to observe both in-network negotiated prices and cash prices, which is of particular interest given the growing importance of high-deductible health plans and a recent executive order mandating greater price transparency. Using data from five private health insurers and 142 imaging facilities in the San Francisco Bay Area, we estimate that patients could save between 10% and 22% of their insurer’s in-network price by paying cash. Potential savings are much larger (between 45% and 64% of their insurer’s in-network price) if consumers observe both cash and in-network prices and select the facility in the region offering the lowest price for a particular service.

Statistical Evaluation for claims and disputes in construction contracts

This research aims to diagnose and identify the causes of claims and disputes between the contractor and the employer, also review the methods used to resolve disputes in construction contracts. In order to achieve the goal of the research, scientific methodology is followed to collect information and data on the subject of claims and disputes in construction projects in Iraq through personal interviews and questionnaire form. The most important results in this research are: the price schedule contract as a kind of competitive contracts is the most important and guarantee for the completion of minimum level of claims and disputes with relative importance of (84.1), compared with the (cost plus a percentage of the cost contract) as a kind of negotiating contracts is the most relative importance of (79.6), and the turnkey contract as a kind of special contracts is the most relative importance of (74.2). The contractor and his agents are one of the most influence sources in occurring claims and disputes in construction contracts with relative importance of (77.4) followed by the contract documents with relative importance of (74.2) and then the employer with relative importance of (73.2). In addition to the long period of litigation and the multiplicity of veto grades are most negative when contractual disputes have resolved by it, and with relative importance of (86), followed by the large number of issues and lack of efficiency and specialty of Judges with relative importance (78.4). Finally, the direct negotiation method (relative importance of 77) is one of the most friendly settlement ways favored by conflicted parties, while the resolution of disputes and claims board (relative importance of 10) occupied the last rank in the friendly settlement ways.

The Home Economics of E-Money: Velocity, Cash Management, and Discount Rates of M-Pesa Users

We study the mobile phone-based money transfer system in Kenya. Based on aggregate data, we estimate that the velocity with which units of e-money are transferred among users is approximately four times per month, and that the average number of transfers undergone by a unit of e-money between its creation and destruction is approximately one. Most M-Pesa transactions are made by frequent users. Examination of data on withdrawals shows a high frequency of small withdrawals and no response to “notches” in the price schedule, indicating that many users seem to have high implicit discount rates.