Analysis of an Online English Teaching Model Application Based on Improved Multiorganizational Particle Population Optimization Algorithm

This paper uses an improved multiorganizational particle population optimization algorithm to conduct an in-depth analysis and study of an online English teaching model and uses the altered model for practical applications. The model building elements are extracted from it for the initial construction of a blended learning model of English-speaking teaching in junior high school. The main purpose of the first round of action research is to test the rationality of each element of the model, the main purpose of the second round of action research is to refine the model links and improve the operability of the model, and the main purpose in the third round of action research is to test the perfected model and explore the model. The main purpose of the third round of action research is to test the refined model and explore the application suggestions of the model. After the three rounds of action research, we finally obtained a more mature blended learning model for teaching English as a foreign language in junior high school. Mainly through the comparison of the pre- and posttest scores of English speaking of the experimental subjects and the comparison of the pre- and posttest data of the relevant questionnaires, the following experimental conclusions were drawn: adopting the blended learning-based speaking teaching model can effectively improve students’ interest in learning English, their attitudes and their English speaking skills including pronunciation, phonetic intonation, conversational communication, and oral expression and can enhance students’ group cooperation and communication ability, independent learning ability, evaluation awareness, and ability. This single-guided learning mechanism can effectively avoid the shocks that are easily caused by the dual-guided role of traditional PSO. The dimensional learning strategy constructs a learning paradigm for each particle by learning from each dimension of the individual optimal position of the particle to the corresponding dimension of the group optimal position, respectively. Dimensional learning is formally integrated into the learning paradigm only if it can improve the fitness of the paradigm so that the dimensional learning strategy can avoid the phenomenon of degradation of the learning paradigm and the phenomenon of “two steps forward, one step back.” In the dimensional learning strategy, since each particle learns from best, although it has a strong exploitation capability, it may cause all particles to converge to best quickly, making the algorithm converge prematurely.

Ice nucleation by viruses and their potential for cloud glaciation

In order to effectively predict the formation of ice in clouds we need to know which subsets of aerosol particles are effective at nucleating ice, how they are distributed and where they are from. A large proportion of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in many locations are likely of biological origin, and some INPs are extremely small, being just tens of nanometres in size. The identity and sources of such INPs are not well characterized. Here, we show that several different types of virus particles can nucleate ice, with up to about 1 in 20 million virus particles able to nucleate ice at −20 ∘C. In terms of the impact on cloud glaciation, the ice-nucleating ability (the fraction which are ice nucleation active as a function of temperature) taken together with typical virus particle concentrations in the atmosphere leads to the conclusion that virus particles make a minor contribution to the atmospheric ice-nucleating particle population in the terrestrial-influenced atmosphere. However, they cannot be ruled out as being important in the remote marine atmosphere. It is striking that virus particles have an ice-nucleating activity, and further work should be done to explore other types of viruses for both their ice-nucleating potential and to understand the mechanism by which viruses nucleate ice.

The Solar Energetic Particle Event of March 15 2013 - Characterization of the interplanetary medium conditions

<p>On March 15, 2013, an Earth directed halo CME, associated with an SEP event, was observed. This study aims to characterize the interplanetary medium conditions in which the event propagated, in order to make the first steps towards the validation of the modeling of SEPs employing two recently coupled models, EUHFORIA (EUropean Heliosferic FORcasting Information Asset) and PARADISE (PArticle Radiation Asset Directed at Interplanetary Space Exploration).<br><br></p><p>The Sun in the days prior and after the event was very active, with several strong flares and coronal mass ejections during this period. The main event was associated with the long duration GOES M1.1 X-ray flare originating from the active region (AR) 11692, located at N11E12. Imagers aboard SOHO and STEREO spacecrafts observed the CME launch at 7:12 UT and the projected line of the sight speed was estimated to be about 1060 km/s. A rise in the $>$10 MeV GOES proton count was observed the following day, with flux exceeding the 1000 pfu threshold, and stayed above it for several days. Another strong CME was launched, within the following hours, towards the west but with a good magnetic connection to Earth's position, which could have accelerated even further the particle population seeded by the main event.</p><p><br>We model the solar wind and its transients CMEs with EUHFORIA, in order to obtain the realistic conditions of the ambient plasma through which the associated particles are propagating. Different spatial and temporal resolutions of the model will be explored to run the newly developed model for energetic protons PARADISE in an optimal environment and make a step towards better SEP predictions.</p>

Multi-scale characterization of glaucophane from Chiavolino (Biella, Italy): implications for international regulations on elongate mineral particles

In this paper, we present the results of a multi-analytical characterization of a glaucophane sample collected in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy. Investigation methods included optical microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, µ-Raman spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, environmental scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning/transmission electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. In addition to the crystal–chemical characterization of the sample from the mesoscale to the near-atomic scale, we have also conducted an extended study on the morphology and dimensions of the mineral particles. The main finding is that studying the same particle population at different magnifications yields different results for mineral habit, dimensions, and dimensional distributions. As glaucophane may occur as an elongate mineral particle (e.g., asbestiform glaucophane occurrences in California and Nevada), the observed discrepancies therefore need to be considered when assessing potential breathability of such particles, with implications for future regulations on elongate mineral particles. While the sample preparation and particle counting methods are not directly investigated in this work, our findings suggest that different magnifications should be used when characterizing an elongate mineral particle population, irrespective of whether or not it contains asbestiform material. These results further reveal the need for developing improved regulation for elongate mineral particles. We thus propose a simple methodology to merge the datasets collected at different magnifications to provide a more complete description and a better risk evaluation of the studied particle population.

Ice nucleation by viruses and their potential for cloud glaciation

In order to effectively predict the formation of ice in clouds we need to know which subsets of aerosol particles are effective at nucleating ice, how they are distributed and where they are from. A large proportion of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in many locations are likely of biological origin, and some INPs are extremely small being just tens of nanometers in size. The identity and sources of such INPs are not well characterized. Here, we show that several different types of virus particles can nucleate ice, with up to about one in twenty million virus particles able to nucleate ice at −20 °C. In terms of the impact on cloud glaciation, the ice-nucleating ability (the fraction which are ice nucleation active as a function of temperature) taken together with typical virus particle concentrations in the atmosphere lead to the conclusion that virus particles make a minor contribution to the atmospheric ice-nucleating particle population in the terrestrial influenced atmosphere. However, they cannot be ruled out as being important in the remote marine atmosphere. It is striking that virus particles have an ice-nucleating activity and further work should be done to explore other types of viruses for both their ice-nucleating potential and to understand the mechanism by which viruses nucleate ice.

Energetic and Suprathermal Particle Composition Measurements from Solar Orbiter

<p>Particles that have energies of a few times the solar wind plasma energy up to 100s of keV/q are called suprathermal particles. Recent studies have revealed that these particles play a significant role as seed particles for further acceleration to higher energies.  This may occur either close to the Sun in solar energetic particle (SEP) events, but also locally at 1 AU in energetic storm particle events, or even outside 1 AU as ions accelerated in Corotating Interaction Regions. The constituents of this suprathermal ion reservoir are therefore expected to vary in time and space. The composition and spectra of these ions provide us the telltale of their origin and acceleration mechanism.  It is therefore important to make high time resolution measurements of the composition and spectra of this particle population in the inner heliosphere to better characterize its origins and role as a seed population in particle acceleration processes. Because of the vastly different mass-per-charge ratios of the various possible origins of suprathermal ions, we expect to see distinct difference and radial dependencies in their abundances in low-energy accelerated particles in the inner heliosphere.  Here we describe the measurements that we will be making on Solar Orbiter that will make significant contributions to the understanding of the particle population in this largely unexplored energy range.</p>