Hydrogen emission in enclosed volume (tunnel for mobility)

Fuel cell vehicles and trains (FCVs) are seen as a viable alternative to fossil fuel-powered vehicles, with the potential to help the automotive and transport industry grow sustainably. Because of their zero emissions, great efficiency, and diverse hydrogen sources, they are an ideal solution to climate change and the global energy issue. In this study, the simulation of releasing hydrogen from a moving vehicle inside a tunnel has been done. For this purpose, two scenarios have been considered. In the first one, it assumed that hydrogen propagates inside a tunnel without ignition and in the second approach, hydrogen released considered to be combusted. The effect of this combustion on the tunnel and train wall has been investigated. For this goal, two different mass flow rates of hydrogen were considered and results were compared together. Moreover, pressure contours have been shown to represent the overpressure phenomenon and it is resulted that in the area of hydrogen dispersion, there will be high pressure.

KAZAKHSTAN’S ENERGY POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTATION

Sustainable development is a mechanism that opens up for Kazakhstan the prospect of successful participation in a kind of competition for the right joining the group of leaders of world countries. The energy issue for Kazakhstan could become a factor of economic, social, political stability and security in the region. The article describes the geopolitical aspect of the development of energy policy of Kazakhstan. In the interests of its multi-vector energy and politics, Kazakhstan develops cooperation with Russia, China, USA, EU countries and neighbors in Central Asia. From following the geopolitical balance with these players depends on the further direction development of the country’s energy policy by and large.

Land Management Criteria For Green Building Certification Systems In Turkey

Background: The energy issue is of great importance for energy dependent countries like Turkey. Some legislative regulations such as the Energy Efficiency Law and the Energy Performance Regulation of Building have recently been made in our country. Although the Energy Performance Certificate for buildings has been put into practice , a national green building certification system is not available yet. The most widely used certification systems in the world are BREEAM (Bre Environmental Assessment Method) and LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), which do not produce very realistic results. Therefore, it is essential to establish a national certification system. For this purpose, studies have been started by ÇEDBİK (the Turkish Green Building Council) and Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University (MSFAU). However, it has not yet been legally validated.Methods: In this study, a survey was conducted to highlight the importance of the category of land management, one of the criteria of the green building certification systems, and to identify sub-criteria under this title more objectively. Worldwide valid certification systems and parts of the certification systems regarding land management that are tried to be established in Turkey were examined to determine the survey questions and in line with this, a literature review was performed. The experts in Turkey were interviewed to gather ideas and insights. By listing the answers from these experts using the AHP method, the criteria and sub-criteria of land method were determined.Conclusions: In this study, a green building certification system to be established in our country was discussed under the category of land management to which great importance has been attached, especially by survey engineers, and the criteria under this category has been identified. A survey was conducted to determine these criteria, and the results were examined.The subcriteria of the category of land management were identified, and their weights were calculated. A sample program was written in the Microsoft Visual Studio Net 2013 programming language to determine the scores of buildings according to these weights.

Synthesis of Bioethanol from Cocoa Pod Husk Using Zymomonas Mobilis

Nowadays, energy issue is one of the interesting discussions among the researchers and energy stakeholders. This is due to the reducing of the main source of world energy which consists mostly of non-renewable energy derived from fossils of living things millions of years ago. Alternatively, there are some alternative energy that promising in the future such as bioethanol from plant or fruits. For that reasons, the aim of this research is to make bioethanol from the peel of cocoa fruit. Cocoa pod husk can be used as source of bioethanol through a fermentation process with the help of bacteria. This study will examine the ethanol content in fermented cocoa pod husks. The fermentation time was 0 days, 2 days, 4 days, 6 days, 8 days. The Zymomonas mobilis bacteria is used in the fermentation process and their percentage is 8%v/v, 10%v/v, 12%v/v, 14%v/v, 16%v/v.In the process of fermentation of cocoa pod husk with Zymomonas mobilis inoculum on the 3rd day to 9thshowed an increase. On the eleventh day in all conditions the addition of a starter was decreased. The best condition when fermentation takes place on the 8th day with a starter dose of 14% and obtained an alcohol content of 10.62%.The results of this study indicate that the addition of Zymomonas mobilis starter and fermentation time affect the levels of bioethanol produced. The addition of a starter as much as 14% and the fermentation time for 8 days are the best condition in this study.