T Tingkah Laku Kawin Entog Ciayumajakuning pada System Pemeliharaan Intensif

Muscovy duck development can be influenced by reproductive performance, including mating behavior. The purpose of the study was to obtain the quantitative characteristics of the Ciayumajakuning Muscovy duck mating and to obtain the best antog in its mating characteristics. The research method was carried out experimentally using a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The parameters observed were mating frequency, mating duration, mating time, and mating location. The results showed that the quantitative characteristics of the antog Kuningan showed a significant difference in the frequency of mating with the drake and duck and the duration of mating was higher than that of the Cirebon, Indramayu, and Majalengka Muscovy duck. This is supported by data on the frequency of mating with 7.4 drake and duck 2 times/day, and the mating duration is 119.4 seconds. The mating time of the Cirebon, Indramayu, Majalengka, and Kuningan Muscovy duck did not show a significant difference, namely more in the first and second quarters at 06.01-12.00 WIB and 12.01-16.00 WIB. The mating location is in zone 1 in the area near the place of feed and drinking water. In conclusion, Muscovy duck Kuningan has the best marital characteristics.

Effects of male and female age on mating success in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Females of most arthropods undergo multiple matings, most often with different males (polyandry) but sometimes with the same male (repeated matings). Arthropod seminal fluid contains components that are known to stimulate their fecundity and fertility. In spider mites, much is known about the paternal effects on offspring phenotypes, but nothing is known about how the age of males affects their fertility. In Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), the female offspring ratio is known to decrease with time. Here, we attempted to clarify whether the decrease is due to sperm deletion or a decrease in male fertility ability with age. Female age had significantly increase the fecundity. Older virgin females that mated with virgin males produced fewer female offspring. Female age at mating was negatively related to the mating time (= copulation time, sec) but not to the premating time (sec) after introduction of a virgin male. The mating time tended to decrease with increasing age at mating. Male fertility defined as the proportion of female offspring produced, and male fertility declines with male age and number of matings, even no female offspring produced in some cases. These results suggest that increased male age at mating is associated with sperm depletion, which in turn affects the number of progeny as well as the phenotype of the progeny in the subsequent generation.

Accuracy and precision guidelines for optimal breeding time in bitches using in-house progesterone measurement compared with chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay

Background and Aim: The concentration of serum progesterone is commonly used to determine the optimal mating time in bitches, and to diagnose reproductive-related abnormalities. This study aims to compare the serum progesterone results obtained by rapid fluorescence immunochromatography assay (RFICA) with those obtained by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) from the same serum samples to develop a standard guideline for optimal breeding time. Materials and Methods: Serum progesterone levels were measured in 124 bitches using RFICA and CMIA. Simple linear regression and correlation analyses were performed to analyze the data. The percentage difference between the maximum and minimum progesterone values in the same serum sample in the same assay was compared using Wilcoxon's rank-sum test. Results: The present study showed a strong linear dependence of the results obtained by RFICA on those obtained by CMIA as R2=0.8976, with regression coefficient of 0.9474 and p<0.05, including the regression model was CMIA = (0.9483 × RFICA) - 0.761. Moreover, five critical measurement times during estrous in bitches showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05), except at the fertilizable period, which showed a non-significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that it is presumably acceptable to use the RFICA and CMIA methods interchangeably for quality progesterone measurements in serum samples from bitches. However, when considering the use of the RFICA method, it is advisable to carefully interpret the results and follow the interpretation guidelines. Finally, RFICA in the present study provides a reliable and convenient option for veterinarian practitioners to measure canine progesterone levels in-house.

Separating two tightly linked species-defining phenotypes in Bactrocera with hybrid recombinant analysis

Background Bactrocera tryoni and Bactrocera neohumeralis mate asynchronously; the former mates exclusively around dusk while the latter mates during the day. The two species also differ in the colour of the post-pronotal lobe (callus), which is predominantly yellow in B. tryoni and brown in B. neohumeralis. We have examined the genetic relationship between the two characters in hybrids, backcrosses and multigeneration hybrid progeny. Results Our analysis of the mating time of the parental species revealed that while B. tryoni mate exclusively at dusk, B. neohumeralis females pair with B. neohumeralis males during the day and with B. tryoni males at dusk. We found considerable variance in mating time and callus colour among hybrid backcross individuals of both sexes but there was a strong although not invariant trend for callus colour to co-segregate with mating time in both sexes. To genetically separate these two phenotypes we allowed the interspecific F1 hybrids to propagate for 25 generations (F25) without selection for mating time or callus colour, finding that the advanced hybrid population had moved towards B. tryoni phenotypes for both traits. Selection for day mating in replicate lines at F25 resulted in significant phenotypic shifts in both traits towards B. neohumeralis phenotypes in F26. However, we were unable to completely recover the mating time profile of B. neohumeralis and relaxation of selection for day mating led to a shift back towards dusk mating, but not yellow callus colour, by F35. Conclusion We conclude that the inheritance of the two major species-defining traits is separable but tightly linked and involves more than one gene in each case. It also appears that laboratory conditions select for the B. tryoni phenotypes for mating time. We discuss our findings in relation to speciation theory and the likely effects of domestication during the generation of mass release strains for sterile insect control programmes.

Synchronized emergence under diatom sperm competition

Appropriate timing of mating is crucial for the success of individuals. However, we know little about factors that explain variation in mating time in unicellular organisms. Unicellular eukaryotes often have facultative sexuality, that is, the less frequent sex is occasionally induced after long clonal reproduction. Thus, males originated from clonemates could be non-negligible mating rivals. Using a centric diatom whose clonal cells differentiate into either male or female, we analysed whether males (spermatogonium) compete or cooperate with each other. By analysing differentiation timing with hypotheses based on evolutionary game theory, we estimated that a substantial part of the variation in the mating timing of the diatom can be explained by results of optimization through interactions among selfish individuals rather than cooperation among clonemates. However, the competition is fiercer than expected owing to excessive synchronization, which was realized by adjustment of meiotic duration: cells completed mitotic division in the earlier mating phase took longer to enter into meiosis, whereas late-dividing cells entered into meiosis more quickly. Adjacent cells tended to synchronize, and model analyses suggest that cell–cell interaction can create a gap between the optimal and actual decisions. Our results provide insights into the evolution of cellular decision making and its restriction.

Additives for high productive cow feeding at the 8–9th month of gestation

Проведены научнохозяйственный и физиологический опыты на молочных коровах чёрнопёстрой породы на ферме агротехнического техникума Новгородский в Новгородской области. Группы коров сформированы методом группаналогов с учётом возраста, живой массы, продуктивности за предыдущую лактацию свыше 6 тыс. кг молока, происхождения, породности и сроков осеменения. Количество коров по 10 голов в каждой группе. Цель исследования повышение полноценности и качества кормления коров на 8 9м месяце стельности. В задачи входило изучение влияния используемых фитопротекторов в рационе коров на снижение степени загрязнённости молока и организма тяжёлыми металлами. Опыт состоял из подготовительного (10 дней) и учётного (60 дней) периодов. Физиологический опыт проведён на фоне научнохозяйственного опыта продолжительностью 10 дней. Применение сушёных овощных культур (свёклы столовой и моркови кормовой) и экстракта хвойного натурального в рационах коров в 8 9 месяцев стельности обусловило снижение концентрации тяжёлых и токсичных металлов в молоке высокопродуктивных коров чёрнопёстрой породы с годовой продуктивностью 6000 кг в условиях антропогенного загрязнения окружающей среды. Тип кормления силосносенной. На фоне основного рациона (ОР) животным опытных групп скармливали дополнительно по 30, 50 и 80 г на голову в сутки свёклы и аналогичное количество моркови (кормовой). Экстракт хвойный натуральный (жидкий) в дозе 5,0 мл/гол скармливали в смеси с комбикормом. Свёкла столовая, морковь и экстракт хвойный натуральный (жидкий) с высокими антиоксидантными и сорбционными свойствами в смеси с комбикормом рационов дополняли организм коров комплексной смесью витамина С, витаминов группы В, витамина Е, селена, пряноароматических растений, позволяли более успешно решать проблемы, связанные с обменом веществ, накоплением тяжёлых металлов в молоке животных при круглогодовом стойловом способе содержания. Изучаемые фитогенные кормовые добавки обусловили повышение переваримости питательных веществ рационов, существенное снижение накопления в организме Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Fe2. Experiments on blackandwhite cows took place on the farm of the college Novgorodskiy. Analoguegroups were formed according to cow age, weight, milk productivity of over 6 thousand kg, origin, breed and mating time. Each group contained 10 heads. The aim was to improve forage composition and quality for the 8 9th month of cow gestation. One of the objectives was to study the influence of feed additives on heavy metal content in milk and cow organisms. The experiment had preliminary (10 days) and testing periods (60 days). Physiological tests lasted 10 days. Dried beet and carrot as well as coniferous extract reduced heavy and toxic metal concentration in milk. The diet included silage and hay. Cows consumed additionally 30, 50 and 80 g/head of beet and carrot daily. Coniferous extract (5.0 ml/head) was mixed with feedstuff. The additives had good antioxidant and sorption properties and provided livestock with vitamin C, B, E, and selenium. They improved cow metabolism and decreased heavy metal accumulation when keeping the livestock indoor for the entire year. The feed additives increased nutrient digestibility and reduced the accumulation of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Fe2 in cow organisms.

A behavioral and genetic study of multiple paternity in a polygamous marine invertebrate, Octopus oliveri

Octopus oliveri is a widespread and common rocky intertidal cephalopod that mates readily in the laboratory, but for which mating behavior has not been reported previously. Four sets of behavioral experiments were recorded wherein three males, small, medium & large in varying order, were introduced to each of six females, for a total of 24 individual females and 12 individual males utilized in the experiments. Video analysis shows that successful mating occurred in each of the mount, reach and beak-to-beak positions. Mating was observed for all males, regardless of size relative to the female, or order of introduction. Females showed preference for the first male to which they were introduced in experimental pairings rather than any specific male trait, and mating time increased significantly with increasing female size. Five novel microsatellite markers were developed and used to test paternity in the eleven broods resulting from these experimental pairings. We found skewed paternity in each brood, with early male precedence and male size being the best predictors of parentage. Multiple paternity was observed in every experimental cross but was estimated to be comparatively low in the field, suggesting that sperm limitation might be common in this species. We saw no evidence of direct sperm competition in Octopus oliveri, but larger males produced significantly more offspring. This study contributes to the growing research on cephalopod mating systems and indicates that octopus mating dynamics might be more variable and complex than thought previously.

Who’s your daddy? A behavioral and genetic study of multiple paternity in a polygamous marine invertebrate, Octopus oliveri

Octopus oliveri is a widespread and common rocky intertidal cephalopod that mates readily in the laboratory, but for which mating behavior has not been reported previously. Four sets of behavioral experiments were recorded wherein three males, in varying order, were introduced to each of the six females, for a total of 24 females and 12 males. Video analysis shows that successful mating occurred in each of the mount, reach and beak-to-beak positions. Mating was observed for all males, regardless of size relative to the female, or order of introduction. Females showed preference for the first male to which they were introduced in experimental pairings rather than any specific male trait, and mating time increased significantly with increasing female size. Five novel microsatellite markers were developed and used to test paternity in the eleven broods resulting from these experimental pairings. We find skewed paternity in each brood, with early male precedence and male size being the best predictors of parentage. Multiple paternity was observed in every experimental cross but was estimated to be comparatively low in the field, suggesting that sperm limitation may be common in this species. We see no evidence of direct sperm competition in Octopus oliveri, but larger males produce significantly more offspring, perhaps because they can include more spermatozoa in spermatophores. This study contributes to the growing research on cephalopod mating systems and indicates that octopus mating dynamics may be more variable and complex than thought previously.