Evaluation of TG202 inhibitor for tubing steels in 15% hydrochloric acid by electrochemical noise technology

Acid fracturing is an effective technology for increasing oil and gas production. However, acid will cause serious corrosion to the tubing. In this paper, the inhibition performance of TG202 inhibitor for acidizing of high temperature and high pressure gas wells on N80 carbon steel and 13Cr martensitic stainless steel tubing in 15% hydrochloric acid was studied by electrochemical noise technology. The results showed that with the increase of TG202 inhibitor content, the noise resistance increased and the corrosion rate of tubing steel decreased. Under the same condition, the order of corrosion rate of tubing steels: 13Cr > HP-13Cr > N80 > P110. The pitting corrosion of HP-13Cr and 13Cr is significant. The research showed that TG202 inhibitor had a protective effect on tubing during acidizing. The inhibition mechanism of TG202 inhibitor was discussed.

Corrosion Challenges on Electrical Submersible Pump Wells in the North Kuwait Field

Oil production in North Kuwait (NK) asset highly relies on artificial lift systems. The predominant method of artificial lift in NK is electrical submersible pump (ESP). Corrosion is one of the major issues for wells equipped with ESP in NK field. Over 20% of the all pulled ESPs in 2019 and 2020 in NK field were due to corrosion of the completion or the ESP string. With an increase in ESP population in NK, a proactive corrosion mitigation is essential to reduce the number of ESP wells requiring workover. Historic data of the pulled ESPs in NK revealed that most of the corrosion cases were found in the tubing as opposed to the ESP components. Although there are multiple factors that can cause corrosion in NK, the driving force was identified to be the presence of CO2 (sweet corrosion). Corrosion rates have been enhanced by other factors such as stray current and galvanic couples. In this paper, multiple methods have been suggested to minimize and prevent the corrosion issue such as selecting the optimal completion and ESP metallurgy (ex. corrosion resistant alloy), installing internally glass reinforced epoxy lined carbon steel tubing, and installing a sacrificial anode whenever applicable.

Thread Galling Damage Mechanism and Prevention of a Low Alloy Steel Tubing Connection

The pull out and well drop accident caused by serious thread galling damage of low alloy steel tubing connections were investigated in this paper. Representative samples were selected from five failure accidents, and the test and verification program were designed. Based on the experiment and analysis it is considered that the material used for tubing and the quality of thread processing meet the requirements of the standard. The field end of tubing connection pull out may be due to the serious thread galling damage, which reduced the joint strength. Using the torque-position control method to make-up the thread connections in oil field may ensure the connection quality and the connection strength, meanwhile, and hence to avoid the occurrence of tubing pulling out effectively.

Sub-second heat inactivation of coronavirus

ABSTRACTHeat treatment denatures viral proteins that comprise the virion, making virus incapable of infecting a host. Coronavirus (CoV) virions contain single-stranded RNA genomes with a lipid envelope and 4 proteins, 3 of which are associated with the lipid envelope and thus are thought to be easily denatured by heat or surfactant-type chemicals. Prior studies have shown that a temperature of as low as 75 °C and treatment duration of 15 min can effectively inactivate CoV. The applicability of a CoV heat inactivation method greatly depends on the length of time of a heat treatment and the temperature needed to inactivate the virus. With the goal of finding conditions where sub-second heat exposure of CoV can sufficiently inactivate CoV, we designed and developed a simple system that can measure sub-second heat inactivation of CoV. The system is composed of capillary stainless-steel tubing immersed in a temperature-controlled oil bath followed by an ice bath, through which virus solution can be flowed at various speeds. Flowing virus solution at different speeds, along with a real-time temperature monitoring system, allows the virus to be accurately exposed to a desired temperature for various durations of time. Using mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a beta-coronavirus, as a model system, we identified that 85.2 °C for 0.48 s exposure is sufficient to obtain > 5 Log10 reduction in viral titer (starting titer: 5 × 107 PFU/mL), and that when exposed to 83.4 °C for 0.95 s, the virus was completely inactivated (zero titer, > 6 Log10 reduction).IMPORTANCEThree coronaviruses (CoVs) have now caused global outbreaks within the past 20 years, with the COVID19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 still ongoing. Methods that can rapidly inactivate viruses, especially CoVs, can play critical roles in ensuring public safety and safeguarding personal health. Heat treatment of viruses to inactive them can be an efficient and inexpensive method, with the potential to be incorporated into various human-occupied spaces. In this work, a simple system that can heat-treat viruses for extremely short period was developed and utilized to show that sub-second exposure of CoV to heat is sufficient to inactivate CoV. This opens up the possibility of developing instruments and methods of disinfecting CoV in diverse settings, including rapid liquid disinfection and airborne virus disinfection. The developed method can also be broadly utilized to assess heat sensitivity of viruses other viral pathogens of interest and develop sub-second rapid heat inactivation approaches.