Analysis of Welding Technology about Bimetallic Clad Pipelines

Butt girth welding was a knotty problem for future application of bimetallic clad pipelines. At present, there were two kinds of problems: 1) To decide whether to use a variety of alloy welding procedure or to use corrosion resistant alloy full welding procedure; 2) After selecting the procedure, what kind of welding material should be equipped. In view of the above problems, taking 316L SS or 2205 DSS clad pipe as an example, welding process design and experimental analysis were conduted in this paper. Analysis of welding process from theory, standard and practice pointed out the control of welding hardness under different welding materials and procedure and directional suggestions of welding for bimetallic clad pipelines were provided. Futher the hardness distribution and CVN absorbed Energy test results of different welding processes showed welding quality could be guaranteed only when ENiCrMo-3 welding material was chosen for the whole weld.

A Critical Appraisal of the Use and Properties of Nickel–Titanium Dental Alloys

Nickel–titanium (NiTi) archwires are used in dentistry for orthodontic treatment. NiTi alloys have favourable mechanical characteristics, such as superelasticity and shape memory, and are also known as a corrosion-resistant alloy. In specific cases, an archwire could be attacked by certain types of corrosion or wear degradation, which can cause the leaching of metal ions and a hypersensitive response due to increased concentrations of Ni in the human body. A systematic search of the literature retrieved 102 relevant studies. The review paper focuses on three main fields: (i) electrochemical properties of NiTi wires and the effect of different environments on the properties of NiTi wires (fluoride and low pH); (ii) tribocorrosion, a combination of chemical and mechanical wear of the material, and (iii) the biocompatibility of NiTi alloy and its subsequent effect on the human body. The review showed that corrosion properties are affected by microstructure, pH of saliva and the presence of fluorides. A high variation in published results should be, therefore, interpreted with care. The release of nickel ions was assessed using the same unit, showing that the vast majority of metal ions were released in the first few days of exposure, then a stable, steady state was reached. In tribocorrosion studies, the increased concentrations of Ni ions were reported.

Gas Wells with Carbon Steel Completion, Can it Handle Sour Gas Production, Case Study

Title Gas wells with Carbon steel completion, Can it handle sour Gas production, Case Study. Objective/Scope It is a successful case of producing sour gas (up to 18% H2S and 9.2% CO2) since 2016 wells with carbon steel tubing with maintaining downhole chemical injection of corrosion inhibitor. Methods, Procedures, Process During 2014 a group of new wells has been drilled in X giant onshore gas reservoir under ADNOC onshore company operating area to maximize gas production and to meet production mandate. Majority of wells has been drilled within the North and peripheral Area of the reservoir. All wells has been completed with a standard completion with a Top completion (+/-7000 ft.) in carbon steel with downhole chemical injection valve, and a corrosion resistant alloy section below the CIV. After wells commissioning, high H2S contents were observed (Up to 18%), and Management initially instructed operations to shut in 9 wells and formulated a task force to study the applicable options and analyze the data to ensure asset integrity. The TF recommendation was to flow the wells with close monitoring of wells integrity, in particular annulus pressure A comprehensive downhole exercise has been done by Results/Observation/Conclusion Carbon steel completion with downhole chemical injection is a validated completion solution for such conditions. Novel/ Additive information Clearly, case is as a solid reference for sour gas production using conventional completion, sustaining Long-term production is adding more weight to the case conclusion.

CARTECH MICRO-MELT 440-XH

CarTech Micro-Melt 440-XH is an air-hardening, high-carbon, high chromium, corrosion resistant alloy tool steel that is produced by the powder metallurgy process. It can be considered as either a high hardness Type 440C martensitic stainless steel or a corrosion- resistant Type D2 alloy tool steel. CarTech Micro-Melt 440-XH possesses corrosion resistance equivalent to that of Type 440C martensitic stainless steel and can attain a maximum hardness of 64 HRC. In addition, the composition of CarTech Micro-Melt 440-XH has been balanced so that it can attain a minimum hardness of 60 HRC when air cooled from the hardening temperature. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and machining. Filing Code: TS-819. Producer or source: Carpenter Technology Corporation.

Corrosion Challenges on Electrical Submersible Pump Wells in the North Kuwait Field

Oil production in North Kuwait (NK) asset highly relies on artificial lift systems. The predominant method of artificial lift in NK is electrical submersible pump (ESP). Corrosion is one of the major issues for wells equipped with ESP in NK field. Over 20% of the all pulled ESPs in 2019 and 2020 in NK field were due to corrosion of the completion or the ESP string. With an increase in ESP population in NK, a proactive corrosion mitigation is essential to reduce the number of ESP wells requiring workover. Historic data of the pulled ESPs in NK revealed that most of the corrosion cases were found in the tubing as opposed to the ESP components. Although there are multiple factors that can cause corrosion in NK, the driving force was identified to be the presence of CO2 (sweet corrosion). Corrosion rates have been enhanced by other factors such as stray current and galvanic couples. In this paper, multiple methods have been suggested to minimize and prevent the corrosion issue such as selecting the optimal completion and ESP metallurgy (ex. corrosion resistant alloy), installing internally glass reinforced epoxy lined carbon steel tubing, and installing a sacrificial anode whenever applicable.

DELORO STELLITE 21

Deloro Stellite 21 (UNS R30021), previously known as Stellite 8, is similar to the medical implant alloy ASTM F75. It is a Co-Cr- Mo-Ni alloy that was developed in the mid-1930s as a corrosion resistant alloy, and rapidly found application as a biocompatible hip implant and denture alloy. This alloy consists of a CoCrMo alloy matrix containing dispersed hard carbides that strengthen the alloy and increase its hardness, but that also decrease its ductility. The type, shape, size, and distribution of the carbides are strongly influenced by the processing history of the alloy, and for this reason, the mechanical properties of Deloro Stellite 21 depend greatly on the manufacturing route and any subsequent heat treatments. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, microstructure, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as machining. Filing Code: Co-139. Producer or source: Deloro Wear Solutions GmbH.

Record Length Chrome Liner Run Using Innovative, Low-Marking, Non-Ferrous Dies on a Mechanical Casing Running Tool

Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) has steadily advanced toward the use of a casing running tool (CRT) vs. conventional casing running methods to improve efficiency and safety. This advancement focused mainly on 9 ⅝ in to 20 in diameter casing and utilized internal grip tools. Recently they have searched for an external-grip CRT system that would allow them to effectively run the smaller diameter liners of both ferrous and chrome (Cr) materials, especially in the extended reach drilling (ERD) wells with maximum reservoir contact (MRC). For 20 years CRT companies manufactured tools with gripping dies that could efficiently run ferrous material liners. Development of gripping mechanisms which can effectively run corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) materials has been met with varying success. Some of the challenges are to manufacture gripping dies from non-ferrous materials that will not contaminate the CRA liner and develop a gripping pattern that does not mark the CRA liner more than is accepted by API 5CRA industry standards, but maintain effective gripping force. In addition to hoisting and making up the string with no slippage it needs to perform fluid circulation at 3,000 psi. Until recently the liners were typically run in a conventional method using power-tongs. One of the tools chosen for the trial runs was a well-proven, external-grip mechanical CRT designed specifically for smaller diameter casing and liners. It has a 500-ton hoist capacity and a 5,000 psi circulation rating and was packaged with a combination float and cushion tool and a wireless torque turn sub. Dies had been designed to meet the non-contamination and acceptable marking criteria previously mentioned and would be compatible with liners possessing as much as 25% Cr. The dies had been extensively lab-tested, including heavy pull tests and torque application tests, but had not previously been used in field applications. The ERD-MRC well chosen for this trial was planned to have a record length of 6 ⅝ in, 24 ppf, 13% Cr liner with a wedge thread premium connection. In addition to not contaminating the liner, ADNOC expected an average running speed in joints per hour equivalent to the conventional casing running methods and a reduction in time during circulations. The result of the trial was 589 connections (25,035 ft liner length) successfully run with an average running speed matching their expectations. The liner displayed very minimal marks and there were no issues when hoisting or torqueing the connections. In addition, there were no rejected connections during the run. This publication will review the preparation for the run, actual run details, photos of the die marks, torque graphs and conclusions expressed by the operator with recommendations for changes moving forward.

Thorough Investigation Allows Mitigation of Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Pipeline Issues

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 30149, “Corrosion Resistant Alloy Pipeline: Creating Knowledge Behind the Scenes,” by M. Hasbi A. Razak and Nur Izyan Mukhtar, Petronas, prepared for the 2020 Offshore Technology Conference Asia, originally scheduled to be held in Kuala Lumpur, 2-6 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2020 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. High-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) environments in offshore gas fields with a significant presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the full well stream demand the use of corrosion-resistant alloy (CRA) pipelines. This pipeline system comprises a metallurgically bonded CRA layer, produced by roll bonding and known as metallurgical cladded pipe (MCP), and a mechanically expanded and fitted CRA layer in a backing steel known as mechanical lined pipe (MLP). The complete paper outlines specific issues, mitigation steps, and lessons learned during the development phase of the CRA pipeline. Pipeline System and Materials To achieve the lowest life-cycle cost, CRA pipeline designed to handle a maximum partial pressure of 18 bar of CO2 and 13 mbar of H2S at a maximum temperature of 150°C was selected for an offshore gas field. The pipeline system consists of two types of CRA line pipe, MCP and MLP. The pipeline system is divided into Zone 1 and Zone 2. The areas of application of MLP and MCP are summarized in Table 1. MLP Challenges The MLP challenges experienced are subdivided in the complete paper according to the development phase of the pipeline during which they were experienced (i.e., during the manufacturing or installation stages). Undulation Appearance on the Internal Surface of the MLP. Undulation, in this context, refers to a wavy appearance of the internal surface of the CRA pipe, which was found after the mechanical expansion process. Fig. 1 shows a sample of undulation in the line pipe. Several factors were suspected to have caused the undulation in the internal CRA surface after the hydroforming process. One such factor was the manufacturing process of the seamless carbon-steel (CS) backing pipe, which involves a pipe-piercing process using a conical device to pierce billets to create hollow, seamless pipes. To determine the actual cause, additional inspection and testing on MLP were performed. Visual inspection found that the undulation appearance on the CRA liner is similar to the CS backing-pipe contour, proving that undulation in the CRA liner was caused by the liner being plastically deformed and following the contour of the CS backing pipe. Wall-Thickness Measurement of CS Backing Pipe. Thickness measurement was performed at selected areas in circumferential and longitudinal directions of the pipe. The circumferential thickness measurement determined that significant thickness variations existed in the CS backing pipe. Some of the measured wall thicknesses already exceeded the maximum positive tolerance of the seamless pipe-wall thickness.

ASPECTS OF STRUCTURE FORMATION DISPERSION-STRENGTHENED METAL COMPOSITE MATERIAL OBTAINED ON THE BASIS OF SHAVINGS AND POWDER OF ALUMINUM CORROSION-RESISTANT ALLOY

A metal composite material (MCM) based on an aluminum corrosion-resistant alloy of the AMg6 brand, containing 22.5 % (vol.) Silicon carbide, obtained by mechanical alloying, has been investigated. Aspects of the formation of the MCM structure based on chips and powder from this alloy are considered. The influence of the initial components on the structure of the dispersion-strengthened MCM was investigated, and samples were made from this composite material.