Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and It’s Complications in Iraq

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by long term elevation of blood glucose levels. A number of reasons that increase blood glucose level include (not enough insulin or oral diabetes drugs,too much food, adverse effects from other drugs, such as steroids, or conditions such as stress ,long- or short-term pain ,menstrual periods, dehydration). Objective: To assess the prevalence of type11 diabetic mellitus and its complications and comparison between different complications among people in Iraq. Patient: This is a randomize prospected, clinical study it was carried out in Iraqi Hospitals, Department of Medicine, emergency. This study was started at December 2016, this approved medical ethical community at University of Kufa. Methods: Sample of 100 cases (50 male and 50 female) in Iraq was selected in random manner and all the patients found in the Iraqi Hospitals at the time of visiting. Where directly meet the patients and collect data from each patient according to specific questionnaires: weight, height and blood glucose level were obtained. Materials: Blood glucose level was measure by using specific device and must keep it in suitable place with maintenance of sterility and recalibration. Further advices were taken from Departments of clinical/biomedical engineering and Local medical physics. Results: The prevalence diabetes mellitus complications among the study populationwas as follow:-(Diabetic neuropathy 98%), (Diabetes retinopathy 96%), (stroke 60%), (Diabetic nephropathy 36%), (Hypertension 63%), (foot problems 60%). A significant difference was founded between some diabetic complications, these were (Neuropathy and hypertension), (Retinopathy and hypertension), (Retinopathy and stroke), (Nephropathy and hypertension), (Nephropathy and Stroke), (Hypertension and Foot problems), (Foot problem and stroke), (Neuropathy and stroke). Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus complications was lying within that reported in Iraq. There was a significant difference recorded between some diabetic mellitus complications. Early diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and make program to the patient about lifestyle behavior were highly considered.

Effect of tamsulosin on blood glucose levels in euglycemic and alloxan induced diabetic rats and its interaction with glibenclamide

Background: To evaluate the effect of tamsulosin on blood glucose levels in euglycaemic rats and to investigate the effect of glibenclamide, tamsulosin and their combination on alloxan induced diabetic rats.Methods: Albino male wistar rats were randomly assigned into 6 groups (2 euglycaemic and 4 alloxan induced diabetic rats groups). In Euglycaemic rats either normal saline (0.5ml P.O) or tamsulosin (0.072mg/kg P.O) were given and blood glucose levels was estimated at 0 hr, 30min, 1hr, 2hr, 4hr on day 1 and at 0hr and 1hr on day 3 and day 7. Four groups of diabetic rats were given normal saline (0.5ml P.O), glibenclamide (5mg/kg P.O), tamsulosin (0.072mg/kg P.O), combination of glibenclamide and tamsulosin respectively and blood glucose levels were estimated on day 1, 3 and 7. Repeated measures ANOVA or paired ‘t ‘test were used for within group comparison and one way ANOVA or unpaired ‘t’ test were used for between group comparison.Results: In euglycaemic rats tamsulosin caused significant rise in blood glucose levels at 1 hr on all days and in diabetic rats tamsulosin itself did not cause any significant alteration in blood glucose levels. However, its combination with glibenclamide delayed the onset of hypoglycemic effect of glibenclamide & also reduced its hypoglycemic effect.Conclusions: Tamsulosin significantly increase blood glucose level in euglycaemic rats and it interact with Glibenclamide to reduce its hypoglycemic activity in diabetic rats.

Uji Aktivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Teh Hitam dan Teh Hijau secara In Vitro Menggunakan Metode Inhibisi Enzim α-Glukosidase

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia. Carbohydrates are metabolized into glucose, in gastrointestinal tract than absorbed into the bloodstream and increase blood glucose level. This absorption process is catalyzed by α-glucosidase enzyme. Previous studies showed that tea (Camellia sinensis) extract have antidiabetic activity in mice induced by streptozotocin. The aim of this study was to compared the in vitro activity of tea extract in inhibiting α-glucosidase. Black tea and green trea extracts were tested for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Acarbose was used as positive control. IC50 extract was 54.86 µg/mL for black tea and 44.79 µg/mL for green tea. This study showed that inhibitory effect of green tea was higher than black tea. Keywords: black tea, green tea, diabetes mellitus, α-glucosidase

Atorvastatin inhibits brain oxidative stress of Streptozotocininduced diabetic rat

It is well known that production of ROS compounds and generation of oxidative stress during diabetes are the most important mechanisms of tissue damage. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of atorvastatin treatment, as an antioxidant, to prevent the brain tissue oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (five rats in each group) as followed: normal, normal treated was orally received 20 mg/kg/day atorvastatin for 30 days, diabetic group was given 40 mg/kg streptozotocin by intravenous injection and diabetic treated similar to normal treated rats. After 30 days of treatment, rats were sacrificed under deep anesthesia to remove the brain. After tissue homogenization, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined by biochemical methods. In addition to increase blood glucose level in diabetic rats (78%), brain SOD and CAT activities were significantly increased compared with normal rats. Also, diabetes significantly decreased the GSH content of brain tissue by 57%, and increased the brain MDA level by 35%. Finally treatment with atorvastatin significantly decreased the augmented brain CAT activity and the MDA level during diabetes. Based on the finding of this study, diabetes-induced hyperglycemia provoked the production of free radicals in the brain tissue that leading to oxidative stress. Also, treatment with atorvastatin may have prevented from hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in the brain of diabetic rat.