The building blocks of matter

The question of what everything around us is made from has fascinated humanity since ancient times. The development of ideas on what the building blocks of matter are, and how these building blocks come together to form materials, are discussed in this contribution. In order to manipulate matter in a useful way, an understanding of the structure of the building blocks is the key. For this reason, atomic theory and bonding theory are introduced. An explanation of the periodic table shows why it is such a powerful predictive tool, and the use of symbols in chemistry is discussed.Contribution: In this article, the historical development of key ideas in our understanding of matter is presented, along with some of the important ideas in understanding how matter behaves. As part of this special collection, the implications of the meaning and utilisation of this knowledge are also considered.

Peculiarities of Seizure of Bank Accounts in Criminal Proceedings in Georgia

The article relates to the seizure of bank accounts, its legal bases, submission of collection order and its importance in accordance with the criminal proceedings of the Republic of Georgia. Property right is the human right acknowledged and protected under the constitution. “Property right is eternal and supreme human value. Universally recognized basic right is a cornerstone of democratic society, social and legal state. Property is essential basis of human life.” Property right relates to human freedom as exactly under property right is stipulated human existence and proprietary bases of activity that itself has influence on establishment of independent life of human and its management. Thus, each state is obliged to provide environment enabling use of property right. It is negative obligation of state to abstain from such activity stipulating intervention in property right, though under positive obligation the state has to establish such a legal system that will facilitate provision and protection of fair balance between members of society. “Property right is not only elementary basis of human existence but provides its freedom, adequate realization of person’s ability and opportunities, leading the life with personal responsibility. This stipulates private initiatives of individual in the field of economics that facilitates development of economic relations, free entrepreneurship and market economy and normal and stable civil circulation”. Social bonding theory is established in legal literature. “Judiciary will not be indifferent to social burden of property as exactly here is exposed the task subject to execution by property, its place, role and importance. That is why social and legal state require both freedom of private property and necessity of its limitation for public purposes.” Itself essence of seizure is interpreted as follows – interim measure prohibiting defendant to alienate seizured property. The word “seizure” semantically means prohibition, suppression and warning. Consideration of seizure in terms of the method of etymological study leads us to Europe, where it entered in old England in 1275-1325 and even in the same period in France that was loanword from Latin. Since the 18th century seizure is considered in the monuments of Georgian law. The topic of this article is seizure of bank accounts and submission of collection order. RESUMEN El artículo se refiere al embargo de cuentas bancarias, sus bases legales, la presentación de la orden de cobro y su importancia de acuerdo con los procedimientos penales de la República de Georgia. El derecho de propiedad es un derecho humano reconocido y protegido por la Constitución. "El derecho de propiedad es un valor humano eterno y supremo. El derecho básico universalmente reconocido es la piedra angular de la sociedad democrática y del Estado social y jurídico. La propiedad es la base esencial de la vida humana". El derecho de propiedad se relaciona con la libertad humana, ya que el derecho de propiedad estipula exactamente la existencia humana y las bases de propiedad de la actividad que tiene influencia en el establecimiento de la vida independiente del ser humano y su gestión. Por lo tanto, cada Estado está obligado a proporcionar un entorno que permita el uso del derecho de propiedad. El Estado tiene la obligación negativa de abstenerse de intervenir en el derecho de propiedad, aunque tiene la obligación positiva de establecer un sistema legal que facilite la provisión y protección de un equilibrio justo entre los miembros de la sociedad. "El derecho de propiedad no es sólo la base elemental de la existencia humana, sino que proporciona su libertad, la realización adecuada de la capacidad y las oportunidades de la persona, llevando la vida con responsabilidad personal. Esto estipula las iniciativas privadas del individuo en el campo de la economía que facilita el desarrollo de las relaciones económicas, la libre iniciativa empresarial y la economía de mercado y la circulación civil normal y estable ". La teoría de la vinculación social está establecida en la literatura jurídica. "El poder judicial no será indiferente a la carga social de la propiedad, ya que aquí se expone exactamente la tarea sujeta a la ejecución de la propiedad, su lugar, su papel y su importancia. Por ello, el estado social y jurídico exige tanto la libertad de la propiedad privada como la necesidad de su limitación para fines públicos". La esencia misma de la incautación se interpreta de la siguiente manera: medida provisional que prohíbe al demandado enajenar la propiedad incautada. La palabra "incautación" significa semánticamente prohibición, supresión y advertencia. La consideración de la incautación en términos del método de estudio etimológico nos lleva a Europa, donde entró en la antigua Inglaterra en 1275-1325 e incluso en el mismo período en Francia que fue loanword del latín. Desde el siglo XVIII la incautación se considera en los monumentos de la ley georgiana. El tema de este artículo es la incautación de cuentas bancarias y la presentación de la orden de cobro.

A Critical Look at Linus Pauling’s Influence on the Understanding of Chemical Bonding

The influence of Linus Pauling on the understanding of chemical bonding is critically examined. Pauling deserves credit for presenting a connection between the quantum theoretical description of chemical bonding and Gilbert Lewis’s classical bonding model of localized electron pair bonds for a wide range of chemistry. Using the concept of resonance that he introduced, he was able to present a consistent description of chemical bonding for molecules, metals, and ionic crystals which was used by many chemists and subsequently found its way into chemistry textbooks. However, his one-sided restriction to the valence bond method and his rejection of the molecular orbital approach hindered further development of chemical bonding theory for a while and his close association of the heuristic Lewis binding model with the quantum chemical VB approach led to misleading ideas until today.

Developing Youth Leaders: Institutional Social Bonding Influence and Positive Youth Development

The purpose of this research is to identify the factors contribute to Positive Youth Development (PYD) among Community Colleges’ students comprising the 5Cs namely Competence, Confidence, Character, Connection and Caring and Compassion. Moreover, the study highlighted the domains from institutional social bonding that might influence the development of youth at Community Colleges to be a positive leader. The Ecology of Human Development theory, the Developmental Science theory and Social Bonding Theory provide the foundation for this area of study. The framework form Institutional social bonding and 5C’s of PYD elements are recommended. Leadership and PYD are related theoretical based approach in youth development. A youth leadership potential can be unleashed through the development of the 5Cs that lead to positive outcomes. Social bonding with school or institution will nurture and develop the positive characteristics of a leader through involvement, attachment, commitment and trust between both elements.

Get employees talking through enterprise social media! Reduce cyberslacking: a moderated mediation model

PurposeWhile the sizable body of research focusses on various psychological effects of enterprise social media (ESM), research connecting the link between ESM and cyberslacking is still very sparse. Drawing inspiration from the social bonding theory, the authors have proposed a moderated mediation model to explain how ESM affordances reduce cyberslacking, mediated significantly by workplace social bonding when the perceived co-worker involvement is high.Design/methodology/approachUtilising a sample of 384 respondents, the study tested the model fit and hypothesised relationships with AMOS and PROCESS MACRO.FindingsThe findings show that workplace social bonding mediates the relationship between ESM affordances and cyberslacking. The results are also consistent with the moderated mediation model as the mediation is significant when the perceived co-worker involvement is high, and the mediation is insignificant when the moderator is low/moderate.Research limitations/implicationsConsidering the potential behavioural dynamics of ESM artefacts, the authors have introduced self-expression (via microblogging), recognition (from paralinguistic digital affordances) and network externality as ESM affordances. Alongside the existing measures to reduce employee deviance, the proposed model with the above-mentioned affordances can be investigated in detail by the future research community.Practical implicationsIn light of the findings, the study demonstrates that ESM can be treated as a mechanism to keep cyberslacking at bay. The results offer significant implications for managers, who lookout for innovative and soft strategies to reduce cyberslacking in the workplace.Originality/valueInstead of implementing strict policies to kerb cyberslacking, this study proposes an alternative and an interesting model by introducing ESM as a strategic tool in reducing cyberslacking. The paper argues that ESM, being a potential tool for employee engagement and bonding, may offset the employees' tendency to involve in cyberslacking.

Raman Spectroscopy for the Competition of Hydrogen Bonds in Ternary (H2O–THF–DMSO) Aqueous Solutions

The effects of hydrogen bonds on the molecular structure of water-tetrahydrofuran (H2O–THF), water-dimethyl sulfoxide (H2O–DMSO), and water-tetrahydrofuran-dimethyl sulfoxide (H2O–THF–DMSO) in binary aqueous solutions and ternary aqueous solutions were studied using Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that in the binary aqueous solution, the addition of THF and DMSO will generate hydrogen bonds with water molecules, resulting in changes in the peak positions of S=O bonds and C–O bonds. Compared with the binary aqueous solutions, the hydrogen bonds between DMSO and THF, and the hydrogen bonds between DMSO and H2O in the ternary aqueous solutions are competitive, and the hydrogen bond competition is susceptible to water content. In addition, the formation of hydrogen bonds will destroy the fully hydrogen-bonded water and make it change to the partially hydrogen-bonded water. By fitting the spectra into the three Gaussian components assigned to water molecules with different hydrogen bonding (HB) environments, these spectral features are interpreted by a mechanism that H2O in different solution systems has equal types of water molecules with similar HB degrees-fully hydrogen-bonded H2O (FHW) and partially hydrogen-bonded H2O (PHW). The ratio of the intensity transition from FHW to PHW is determined based on Gaussian fitting. Therefore, the variation of hydrogen bond competition can be supplemented by the intensity ratio of PHW/FHW ((IC2 + IC3)/IC1). This study provides an experimental basis for enriching the hydrogen bonding theory of multivariate aqueous solution systems.

Regulating surrogacy in Europe: Common problems, diverse national laws

Despite the diverse legal approaches towards surrogacy in Europe, there are common socio-legal arguments attempting to legitimise it amongst the European Union member states. Regardless of the prevailing regulation in each country, surrogacy in general is confronted with common criticisms and faces similar obstacles. For instance, the operative definition of altruism is put under question in countries where altruistic surrogacy is permitted. Surrogacy is also considered an attack on a woman’s dignity and a risk to children’s welfare. Behind such claims, however, rests the common yet unsubstantiated belief in a natural maternal instinct. Furthermore, a clear misunderstanding about the bonding theory still persists. Common debates around surrogacy in Europe show us that, beyond the national margin of appreciation, surrogacy challenges basic definitions of motherhood, filiation and family. These challenges are deeply permeated by gender stereotypes which partially explain the national similarities among the legal diversities.