Perspectives of Pregnant Women Regarding Iron Deficiency Anemia

Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a global health problem. The prevalence of anemia in pregnancy worldwide is nearly half of pregnant women. It impacts on women and offspring outcomes during pregnancy, intrapartum and postpartum period associated with increasing rate of preterm labor, pregnancy induced hypertension, low birth weight, perinatal death including postpartum hemorrhage, postpartum infection, unsuccessful rate of exclusive breast feeding, and postpartum depression. Inadequate iron intake, maternal physiological changes during pregnancy, and bleeding were indicated as common causes of IDA in pregnancy. The objective was to explore the experiences of pregnant women regarding IDA.Methods: A total of eighteen women between 16-36 weeks gestation participated in the qualitative research. Women were selected by purposive sampling according to inclusion criteria to in-depth interviewed at antenatal care clinic, Watbot hospital, Phitsanulok, Thailand.Results: Thematic analysis of the qualitative interviews identified four main themes: iron-deficiency anemia in pregnant as a normal pregnancy; concern on food rather than hematocrit (Hct) level; maternal instinct in healthy baby; and low socioeconomic as a main obstacle. Conclusion: The findings illustrated to enhance better understanding the nature, attitude, knowledge, perception, and behavior of pregnant women on IDA, facilitators to support women for healthy behavior, and barriers to IDA in pregnancy based on Thai context.

Relocation of habituated black bears in the Klamath Mountains of California: an adaptive management case study

Black bear (Ursus americanus) populations in California have increased in abundance and distribution despite rising trends in the urban encroachment of wildlands. As human-black bear conflicts increase, opportunities to study the relocation of black bears in an adaptive management setting are important for improving the management of this highprofile species. Habituated black bears, some tamed and made tractable through human-controlled food conditioning, were relocated to a remote region of the Klamath Mountains to analyze home range use, survival, return rates, and mortality. Relocated black bears with known outcomes demonstrated an 80% return rate, with 55% not surviving beyond five months. Female bears established home ranges significantly larger than males, and may suggest an enhanced maternal instinct in search of similar nutritional conditions prior to relocation. This study showed that the relocation of food-conditioned black bears resulted in high return rates, poor survival, and risk to public safety.

Influence of keeping technology on the weight gain of the Aberdeen-Angus breed young animals in the colostrum period

In beef cattle breeding, unlike dairy farming, the only product is a calf. Therefore, the industry's competitiveness directly depends on the annual retention from each cow and heifer calf, the preservation of calves, and the high growth energy of young animal growth throughout the rearing period. These indicators are influenced by many factors, one of which is the breeding technology. The colostrum period is the most critical; newborn calves that do not receive adequate attention at the beginning of this period die within the first two days of life or have growth retardation. Given this, it becomes urgent to establish the level of dependence between young animals' growth and the technology of keeping cows and calves during the colostrum period. The studies were performed on cows and calves of the Aberdeen-Angus breed having problems in interaction during the colostrum period due to a weak maternal instinct in cows or a sucking reflex in calves (problem pairs' cow-calf). The growth rates of bull-calves and heifers were studied: live body weight, average daily gains, absolute gains, and multiplicity of live weight gain. The factor of a new technological element - the transfer of problem pairs' cow-calf into correction sections, in the colostrum period, on the further growth of young growth was analyzed. Our studies have shown a potential difference (P=0.999) between the live weight of bull-calves, which in the colostrum period were transferred together with the cows to the correction sections, and those for which no correction sections were used. The advantage in live weight at the age of 18 months is 27% and 28% (P=0.999) in favor of bull-calves that were transferred; they prevailed by 28% (P>0.999) in average daily gains, and by 28% and 29% (P=0.999) in absolute terms. When compared by live weight at the age of 18 months, the heifers, which had been transferred to correction sections during the colostrum period, had an advantage of 26%. The average daily and absolute gains in these heifers were 29% greater than the heifers, which were not transferred.

REPRODUCTIVE ABILITIES OF MEAT BREEDS OF LIVESTOCK IN THE CONDITIONS OF SOUTH-WEST KAZAKHSTAN

In the conditions of the sharply continental climate of the Kyzylorda region, the sexual activity of the imported Kalmyk breed from Russia, the Kazakh white-headed breed from the West Kazakhstan region and Santa Gertruda from the Almaty region of heifers and their reproductive ability of first-calf heifers have been established. The signs of sexual maturity depended on their breed characteristics and they first appeared in Kalmyk and Kazakh white-headed heifers, then in 10-12 month old heifers of the Santa Gertruda breed. Hunting in the non-bodied Kalmyk breed was observed from the age of 15 months, in the contemporaries of the Kazakh white-headed breed and the Santa Gertrude breed, they appeared, respectively, at 16-17 and 18-19 months of age and were more pronounced in the first breed. The reproductive capacity of first-calf heifers of these breeds was different. For 100 conditional queens, 68 calves were obtained from the Kazakh white-headed breed, 54 calves from the first-calf heifers of the Santa Gertruda breed, and 84 calves from their peers of the Kalmyk breed, respectively, 18 and 32 more calves per year. At the same time, it was established that the latter have a highly developed maternal instinct, expressed by the protection of the offspring, even by aggressiveness. Differences in the growth rate of young animals of these breeds were also established and they were high (750-780 g per day) than in young animals of these breeds (on average, 650 g per day). Thus, in the conditions of deserts, semi-deserts with a sharply continental climate of the Kyzylorda region, the Kalmyk breed, along with an exceptional ability in a new habitat, also showed a high reproductive ability of offspring with good signs of meat productivity.

Ví­nculo Materno-Filial. ¿Genética O Cultura?

ResumenEl estudio del ví­nculo materno-filial es de gran importancia. La procreación es la base de la supervivencia de la especie humana y de la calidad del cuidado de los hijos. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar interdisciplinariamente este concepto a través de una revisión bibliográfica sistemática. Las neurociencias señalan que el embarazo produce cambios en el cerebro, provocando a su vez un aumento de atención y cuidado a los hijos. Para la antropologí­a, el llamado ”instinto maternal,” referido al amor incondicional de la madre por su hijo, no siempre se presenta y puede ser que en algunas ocasiones se niegue o rechace por la madre. La filosofí­a conjunta ambos argumentos, señalando que el ser humano tiene biologí­a, pero es libre en la elección de sus conductas. Por su repercusión en la calidad y subsistencia de la especie humana, el estudio del ví­nculo materno-filial debe seguir siendo estudiado.Palabras clave: madre, hijos, instinto maternal, embarazo, ví­nculo materno-filial.AbstractThe study of the mother-child bond is of great importance. Procreation is the basis of the survival of the human species and the quality of childcare. The objective of this work is to analyze this concept interdisciplinary through systematic bibliographic review. Neurosciences indicate that pregnancy produces changes in the mother´s brain, causing in turn an increase in attention and care for children. For anthropology, the so-called "maternal instinct," referring to the unconditional love of the mother for his/her child, does not always occur and may be denied or rejected by the mother. Philosophy considers both arguments, pointing out that the human being has biology, but is free in the choice of behaviors. Because of its impact on the quality and subsistence of the human species, the study of the mother-child bond must continue to be studied.Keywords: Mother, child, maternal-instinct, pregnancy, maternal-child bond. [1] Doctora en Ciencias. Coordinadora de Investigación del Centro Interdisciplinario de Bioética de la Universidad Panamericana, México.

Peace Education Taught by the Female Muslim Nobel Peace Prize Laureates in 21st Century

<p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Women have a very important role in upholding world peace and security because they have the power that is not possessed by men, namely the maternal instinct which naturally can create peace with love, care and harmony. This study aims to find out Muslim women who received world peace awards in the 21st century and analyze the points of peace education that they teach and implement. This research was a qualitative descriptive study with the content analysis of the peace speech they deliver. Based on the analysis, it can be seen that there are three Muslim women who received world nobel peace prize in the 21st century, namely Shirin Ebadi, Tawakkul Karman and Malala Yousafzai. The messages of peace that become their focus are efforts for democracy and human rights, especially the struggle for human rights and children (Shirin Ebadi), nonviolent struggle against women's security and women's human rights for full participation in peace-building work (Tawakkul Karman), struggle against the oppression of children and young people and the right of all children to get education (Malala Yousafzai).</p>

Experiences of Infertile Couples of West Bengal With Male Factor, Female Factor, and Unexplained Infertility Factor: A Qualitative Study

Background: Infertility is a very stressful life state of a couple. The consequences of infertility have a considerable differential effect not only on couples but also on culture and social strata. Inability to conceive can be a very troublesome matter for a couple and potentially it can turn into a traumatic experience with far-reaching consequences. Qualitative understanding of strain can be helpful for in-depth understanding of factors that might need psychosocial intervention. Objective: The purpose of this study is to zero in on the multiple psychosocial aspects of infertile couples, ranging from male etiology, female determinants, and unexplained domains of infertility. Materials and Methods: This was a qualitative cross-sectional content analysis study. 15 couples were interviewed with the mean age of (27± 2.95) years for females and (30±2.43) years for males. Data collection strategies employed in this research included semi-structured open face-to-face interviews and field notes. Results: Qualitative data analysis identified 5 themes—negative emotional reactions, social pressure, marital and sexual dissatisfaction, decreased quality of life, and treatment problems. Conclusion: The various psychosocial crises (unfulfilled maternal instinct, emotional support, unmet social role, diminished social security) related to various types of infertility are evident. Addressing those issues might be helpful to improve the quality of life of couples.

The Information Behavior of Mothers: Instinct as Information

Previous research on the information-seeking behaviour of parents is extremely narrow in scope, focusing on parents whose children have medical or psychological concerns. This research hopes to share the information-seeking behaviours of a broader population, parents of adolescents (children between 10-19 years old). Using the Information Horizon Method (Sonnenwald 1999), this research project incorporates semi-structured interviews with three mothers who currently have two adolescent children each. The interviews contained neutral questions regarding information resources used by parents when determining general information regarding their children’s lives. The findings show that there is a great preference for interpersonal resources, with the most attended to and preferred ones being the resources inside the home, which include spouse, the child, or the child’s sibling. It is only if they are not satisfied with the information gathered from those resources that the parents would go outside the home, at which point the resources are chosen based on the situation. Certain resources that parents are attempting to have in their information horizon are social media and internet use. Parents use different techniques to access information on their children’s social media accounts or look at friends’ private profiles. They also incorporate techniques with computers in general, such as allowing them only in open spaces, where parents are able to quickly glance at screens. Lastly, all parents depicted an indescribable embodied knowledge that concerned the state of their children. This intuition was the starting point of all information-seeking processes depicted in this research project. They called this intuition maternal instinct.

Mythology of RuNet network communities

The article is part of a project aimed at researching the subjective policy space in a network society. It is dedicated to the mythology of RuNet online communities («MAMA™», «Real Football»). The myth is characterized as a discursive construct that conveys ideology. The study was carried out using content analysis, which made it possible to identify the thematic discourse structure of online communities, and the discourse-mythological approach, developed by D. Kelsey based on the integration of critical discourse analysis and the theory of myths. The research is based on C. Flood, R. Barthes’s concepts of the myth, M. Mauss’s explication of magic as a technique for changing the reality. The network community «MAMA™» broadcasts mythical narratives about natural motherhood, maternal instinct and altruism, universal maternal experience, the archetypes of «yummy mummy» and «pregnant beauty». Myths legitimize the ideology of intensive motherhood; there is discursive framing of consumption as a material expression of maternal love and care. On the page of the online community «Real Football», the football club is presented as a dream factory; the status of heroes and wizards is attributed to players and coaches; the creators of community unite supporters through a family myth. Myths spread and support the ideologies of «football-centrism», «football as a man's game»; mythology hides the «microphysics of power» of football life from the view of the «other». Keywords: myth, mythologization, social media, discourse-mythologi

Annie John: Analysis of Becoming a Woman and The Caribbean Mother-Daughter Relationship

The dynamic mother-daughter relationship can be loving and supportive at best as well as contentious and tragic. It is a relationship predicated on maternal instinct which can provide direction and support for deep insight into notions of womanhood, personal and political philosophies. However, in providing this guidance, ironically this same maternal guidance can act to stifle the growth of an adolescent daughter as she transitions into womanhood. Jamaica Kincaid’s ‘Annie John’ can be seen as an exemplar of this transition. Annie has to contend with not only her mother’s maternal pressure on her to conform, but she must also adhere to cultural expectations of a creolized culture predicated on both Africana and British understandings of femininity, social expectations, womanhood, and etiquette. This challenges Annie’s own emerging philosophy and desire for independence and self-definition. As discussed in this paper, success can be achieved outside and beyond the mother-daughter dynamic once a daughter has had the opportunity to consider, realize, (and if necessary) defy the hypocrisy of being encouraged to be independent whilst being forced to follow one’s mother’s notion of womanhood. In a valiant attempt to avoid the tragedy of replicating her mother’s own flaws, Annie John’s personal growth was no easy feat and created at times a contentious dynamic. However, this journey not only facilitated her success and independence so that she could travel beyond the shores of Antigua, it demonstrated an independence of thought that African Caribbean creolized women must experience in order to realize their own success.