Secure Vertical Handover to NEMO Using Hybrid Cryptosystem

To provide security to all pairs of nodes in network mobility (NEMO) while executing the handoff between different technologies, a hybrid cryptosystem with a suitable network selection mechanism is proposed. All pairs of nodes, i.e., Mobile Node (MN), Mobile Router (MR), Correspondent Node (CN) and MN, and Home Agent (HA), respectively, are considered. A proper security mechanism is proposed to provide confidentiality to Bound Update (BU) during handoff and conversation between MN, MR, and HA using the elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). In this solution, a network selection mechanism is proposed based on user preference and Received Signal Strength (RSS) in a heterogeneous network. The proposed model can protect the communication using security analysis from all NEMO standard attacks. Whenever NEMO moves, MR intimates to HA about the address change using (BU) and MR receives Binding Acknowledgement (BA) as a reply. During data (frame) exchange and registration between MN, CN, and HA, various security threats arise. In the earlier work, only the security solution is given, and the best network selection algorithm is not provided in a heterogeneous environment. Therefore, in this paper, the best network selection is contributed based on Received Signal Strength (RSS) and user preferences. A comparison of the proposed model is drawn with Return Routability Procedure (RRP). Authentication is provided for communication between MN and CN. The proof is derived using BAN logic. Many standard security attacks have been successfully avoided on all pairs of communications. It has been observed that the proposed model achieves 2.4854% better throughput than the existing models. Also, the proposed model reduces the handoff latency and packet loss by 2.7482% and 3.8274%, respectively.

A Beacon-less Multi-channel Packet Forwarding Scheme in Vehicular Networks

The ad-hoc vehicular network is a sub stream of an ad-hoc mobile network where the nodes can converse and know each other by their periodic control packet dissemination. In vehicular network communication, the available bandwidth is limited. The parallel and multi-vehicle channel access will create an unwanted delay during the packet dissemination. The node may compete with each other to access the channel during parallel communication. The simultaneous channel access will increase network overload. The proposed approach will minimize the channel access collision through the variable time slots. Before any data dissemination, the node will send a Channel Booking Request (CBR) message to a correspondent node. The spectrum allocation is based on the type of vehicle and message_code. The concept has experimented with traditional routing protocols for overtaking assistance. The proposed approach is compared with the packet delivery rate, jitter, and packet loss rate.

Analisis Kinerja Video Conference pada Jaringan Mobile IPv6 Dengan Triangle Tunneling Method

Mobile IP merupakan protocol yang mendukung mobilitas dari user, dengan mobile IP sebuah node dapat terus berkomunikasi dengan node yang lain dimanapun dia berada. Mobile IPv6 memperbolehkan node yang telah mempunyai dukungan terhadap IPv6 untuk meninggalkan jaringan asalnya sementara node tersebut sedang memperbarui koneksinya ke internet. Hal ini berarti bahwa mobile IPv6 bisa mengidentifikasi tiap-tiap node dengan static address-nya, tanpa memperhatikan point of attachment nya ke internet.Mobile IPv6 yang digunakan pada makalah ini memakai metode triangle tunneling yaitu metode perutean pengiriman paket dimana ketika correspondent node (CN) mengirimkan paket menuju mobile node (MN), home agent (HA) mengambil alih paket tersebut dan mengirimkannya ke care of address dari MN dengan tunneling, sedangkan MN dapat mengirimkan langsung menuju CN. Pada makalah ini dilakukan pengujian video conference (multipont) pada jaringan Mobile IPv6 dengan metode triangle tunneling untuk diukur parameter-parameter QoS meliputi packet loss, delay, jitter, throughput dan MOS.Berdasarkan hasil uji coba dengan memperhatikan parameter-parameter QoS yang dianalisa terlihat bahwa kualitas MN yang berada di jaringan asalnya (homenet) lebih baik ketika berada di jaringan yang sedang dikunjungi (visitnet), hal ini disebabkan dengan metode triangle tunneling paket yang dikirim menuju MN dirutekan ke HA terlebih dahulu sehingga meningkatkan trafik jaringan, selain itu pada uji coba handover terdapat nilai rata-rata delay yang cukup besar yaitu 3.367 detik untuk paket video dan 3.269 detik untuk paket audio, karena pada saat handover, MN membutuhkan waktu untuk memperbaharui koneksi dan melakukan konfigurasi ulang jaringan yang ada.

Effects of fixed and roaming CN on MIPv6 networks

Mobile Internet protocol version 6 (MIPv6) is a protocol that allows mobile nodes (MNs) to remain accessible while moving in the IPv6 network, providing users with a form of transparency in spite of the mobility. Mobile networks consist of different nodes such as the MN, correspondent node (CN), home agent (HA), foreign agent or router (FA or FR) and mobile router (MR). One of the vital nodes in a mobile network is CN, a node that communicates with the MN. In the future, in times of need, for instance, during wars, disasters or natural hazards, an MN may require the services of a CN in order to roam. In this paper, we analyse the effect of fixed and roaming CN on MIPv6 networks. The results show that, with a fixed CN, the delay variation performance, end-to-end delay and packet received are better than having a roaming CN in the mobile networks. This requires the attention of researchers, especially when all the communicating nodes (i.e., MN and CN) are roaming in the mobile networks to reduce the delay and packet drop, especially during the handover process. Keywords: MIPv6, fixed CN, roaming CN, MN, HA and FA.

Alleviation of Binding Update Re-registration Handoff Latency at Home Agent Failure in MIPv6 Network

Home Agent (HA) is an indispensable entity for binding connectivity to route packets between Mobile Node (MN) and Correspondent Node (CN). MIPv6 allows the deployment of redundant HAs to overcome HA failure. Different approaches resolve this issue to recuperate binding association information. This paper compares the effect of handoff latency in various methods and proposes a Reliable HA delivery (RHAD) mechanism to mitigate the Binding Update (BU) registration latency in HA at the time of active HA failure. We use BGP domain in network architecture and apply IBGP protocol to transmit packets between Edge Router (ER) and HA. Both the theoretical evaluation and simulation results reveal that RHAD effectively reduces BU re-registration handoff latency and increases packet delivery ratio.

Research on Mobility Management Based on MIP Table in Mixed IPv4/v6 Networks

IETF has specified Mobile IPv4 and Mobile IPv6 in RFC3344 and RFC3775 respectively, but not yet discussed Mobile IPv4/v6 in any published RFC. This paper proposes a scheme to solve one of Mobile IPv4/v6 problems which Home Agent (HA) locates in IPv6 network, and Correspondent Node (CN) locates in IPv4 network, while Mobile Node (MN) moves within IPv4 network. In the solution, a gateway called Mobile IPv4/v6 translation gateway (MIPv4/v6-TG) is introduced to bridge between IPv4 network and IPv6 network, which is made up of a traditional NAT-PT gateway and a Mobile IP application level gateway (MIP-ALG) built upon the NAT-PT gateway. MIP-ALG maintains a MIP table, a data structure, which is formed by entries. We use the MIP table to realize the communication between the IPv4 entities and the IPv6 entities. The creation, usage and update processes of MIP table are described in this paper. And it can work compatibly with RFC3344 and RFC3775.

A MAP Selection Scheme Based on Multi-Attribute Decision Making in Hierarchical MIPv6

Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) reduces the amount of signaling overhead between the Mobile Node (MN) and its Correspondent Node (CN) by introducing a mobility anchor point (MAP). However, handling both intra-domain handovers and tunneling traffic for MNs may cause a single point overload. In this paper, we present a MAP (Mobile Anchor Point) selection scheme based on Multi-attribute Decision Making (MADM). In our proposed scheme, the Pref and Dist in MAP option message are used as two attributes of MAP, and MN can set different weights for these two attributes according its velocity. After testing, it indicates this scheme can handle high level MAP overload and achieve better communication performance.

Packet Striping for Multi-Interfaces

In future mobile systems, the end-terminals will be considerably more diverse than nowadays, and the users will have a greater choice of access technologies, offering different QoS, cost, security and so on. A mobile terminal equipped with multiple interfaces can achieve a much higher bandwidth by aggregating the bandwidth offered by the individual networks. In this paper, we present a system based on Mobile IPv6 that achieves the above objectives. We will discuss in detail the architectural requirements and algorithms that are needed to support the above system. We also extended our proposed scheme to support even if the correspondent node also has multiple interfaces. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can uniformly distribute data packets among multiple channels and deliver the packets perfectly in order at receiver to achieve bandwidth aggregation.