Fake news and copyright

As is known, new technologies have profoundly changed the way content is produced, shared and disseminated. One of the most recent (and worrying) changes is the phenomenon of ‘fake news’, especially since disinformation and intentional misrepresentation of real information have started to affect individual decision-making in the political sphere. It is a worrying phenomenon because the dissemination of fake news can challenge democratic values and undermine national security. Against this background, can copyright play a role in the fight against fake news? And what is the relationship between such news and copyright in the first place? Fake news in theory falls within copyright subject matter and may often meet the requirements for protection. The paper analyses three recent examples of fake news which have been widely disseminated online – and makes the point that copyright may subsist in such news. Yet, despite such content being potentially capable of attracting protection, we propose to remove any copyright which may arise on grounds of public interest. Indeed, when a work is protected by copyright, right holders have an incentive to exploit it, as the monopoly granted to them increases the ability to extract profits out of the work, for example via licensing. This may contribute to encouraging creators of fake news to spread such content across multiple channels to reach wide audiences. Excluding copyright could therefore help make fake news less appealing. A short reference will also be made to copyright defences which may be relied on by entities and individuals who check news’ accuracy (fact-checkers) – that is, the fair use doctrine under US law and several exceptions under EU (and UK) law, namely transient use, text and data mining, criticism and review and public security. * All authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are listed alphabetically.

When Democratic Innovations Integrate Multiple and Diverse Channels of Social Dialogue

This chapter explores the opportunities, limitations, and risks of integrating multiple channels of citizen engagement within a democratic innovation. Using examples and case studies of recent face-to-face and online multichannel democratic innovations, the authors challenge the emerging consensus that redundancy and diversification of venues of participation are always positively correlated with the success of democratic innovations. Applying their concrete experience in areas of the world in which a systemic organization of different channels of citizen participation exists, the authors provide guidelines for achieving better integration of multiple channels of social dialogue.

Civic Engagement in Local Environmental Initiatives

The goal of this chapter is to draw attention to the interrelation of multiple mediatized relationships, including face-to-face interaction, in local civic engagement around biodiversity and the environment. The authors propose that civic engagement and participation transcend the type of media used, and that artificial distinctions between online and offline participation are unproductive. Their argument is supported by three examples of participatory projects in which social media-based and face-to-face interactions are closely interrelated. This contribution highlights local uses of social media and the web. It shows how engagement plays out across multiple channels and how resources can be found in a variety of media formats. In particular, online media significantly alter the visibility of both local actions and of the resulting data.

Journaliste de sport et diversité

FR. Le sport occupe une place non négligeable dans la société médiatisée. Dès lors, les productions informationnelles, à propos du sport, doivent être appréhendées comme des denrées objectivées (Quére, 2000) et « normalisées » dans le sens ou le sport est traité en fonction de significations sociales existantes, co-construites et légitimées par le journaliste lui-même. La diversité constitue-t-elle alors une norme ? Comment est-elle construite ? Comment est-elle perçue par les journalistes ? Dans quelle mesure cela interfère-t-il dans les pratiques et les discours produits ? Sur le plan théorique et méthodologique, l’analyse convoque les travaux de Denis McQuail (1997 & 2003) à propos de « the accountability of media ». L’analyse prend alors appui sur l’identification des procédés discursifs proposés par Schaeffer (1989), qui se structurent, d’une part par un acte communicationnel qui s’élabore sur la base des processus d’énonciation et d’autre part par l’acte réalisé. En l’occurrence, les données de terrain utilisées émanent du Projet RSJ-MéDiS, elles proviennent de différentes rencontres, journées d’étude, colloques, entretiens et échanges parfois informels. Si ces données permettent de mieux appréhender le contexte d’énonciation, l’analyse de l’acte réalisé, s’effectue quant à lui, au moyen des commentaires produits à l’occasion des directs consultés sur l’INAthèque. Les événements choisis sont les compétitions d’athlétisme à l’occasion des Jeux Olympiques de Rio (2016) et les Championnats du Monde de Londres (2017) diffusés sur les différentes chaines du groupe France-Télévisions (France 2-3-4). Dans le cas du terrain exploré, celui des journalistes de France Télévisions et au regard des évènements analysés, celui des compétitions internationales d’athlétisme, ce sont les normes et les valeurs communément associées au sport qui servent de cadre à l'interprétation des événements et des performances sportives. Tantôt inclusif, tantôt ségrégatif et exclusif, le discours oscille en fonction des fluctuations des normes sportives. *** EN. Sports take a significant place in our media societies. Informational productions on sports should therefore be apprehended as objectified commodities (Quére, 2000) and "normalized". This implies that sports should be apprehended based on existing social meanings which are co-constructed and given legitimacy by the journalist himself. Can diversity be considered as a norm? What does it consist of? How is it perceived by journalists? To what extent does it interfere with practices and discourses produced? The analysis developed refers theoretically and methodologically to the work of Denis McQuail (1997 & 2003) on "the accountability of media". It builds on the identification of discursive processes suggested by Schaeffer (1989), which are structured on the one hand by a communicative act that is elaborated on the basis of the processes of enunciation, and on the other hand by the act performed. In this case, the field data analyzed was produced by the RSJ-MéDiS Project: it was gathered during multiple competitions, workshops, symposiums, interviews and occasional informal exchanges. This data allows to better comprehend the enunciation context; however, analysis of the performed acts was conducted thanks to the commentary produced during the live broadcasts of selected sporting events. Those were consulted on the French National Archive Institute online consultation service, the INAthèque. The sporting events considered were the athletics competitions of the 2016 Rio Olympic Games as well as the 2017 London World Athletics Championships, which were broadcasted on multiple channels of the French public broadcasting company France Télévisions (France 2-3-4). In the present field of research – the discourse of France Télévisions sports journalists, and with regard to the events analyzed – international athletics competitions, norms and values commonly associated with sports appear to serve as a framework for the interpretation of sporting events and performances. At times inclusive, at times discriminatory, the discourse evolves based on the fluctuations of norms in sports. *** PT. O esporte ocupa um lugar significativo na sociedade midiatizada. Consequentemente, as produções informacionais sobre o esporte devem ser entendidas como mercadorias objetivadas (Quére, 2000) e “normalizadas” no sentido de que o esporte é tratado de acordo com os significados sociais existentes, co-construídos e legitimados pelo próprio jornalista. A diversidade é então uma norma? Como ela é construída? Como é percebida pelos jornalistas? Em que medida isso interfere nas práticas e discursos produzidos? No plano teórico-metodológico, a análise recorre ao trabalho de Denis McQuail (1997 e 2003) sobre "a responsabilização dos meios de comunicação". A análise baseia-se, então, na identificação dos processos discursivos propostos por Schaeffer (1989), os quais se estruturam, por um lado, por um ato comunicativo que se desenvolve a partir dos processos de enunciação e, por outro, pelo ato realizado. Neste caso, os dados de campo utilizados provêm do Projeto RSJ-MéDiS, advindos de vários encontros, jornadas de estudo, seminários, entrevistas e por vezes trocas informais. Enquanto esses dados proporcionam uma melhor compreensão do contexto do enunciado, a análise do ato praticado é realizada por meio de comentários produzidos durante as visitas diretas ao INAthèque. Os eventos escolhidos são as competições de atletismo dos Jogos Olímpicos do Rio (2016) e do Mundial de Londres (2017) transmitidos nos diversos canais do grupo France-Televisions (France 2-3-4). No caso do campo explorado, o dos jornalistas da France Télévisions e no que se refere aos eventos analisados, o das competições internacionais de atletismo, são os padrões e valores comumente associados ao esporte que servem de quadro para a interpretação dos eventos e desempenho esportivo. Às vezes inclusivo, às vezes segregativo e exclusivo, o discurso oscila de acordo com as flutuações dos padrões esportivos. ***

Frequent-Pattern-Based Broadcast Scheduling for Conflict Avoidance in Multichannel Data Dissemination Systems

With the popularity of mobile devices, using the traditional client-server model to handle a large number of requests is very challenging. Wireless data broadcasting can be used to provide services to many users at the same time, so reducing the average access time has become a popular research topic. For example, some location-based services (LBS) consider using multiple channels to disseminate information to reduce access time. However, data conflicts may occur when multiple channels are used, where multiple data items associated with the request are broadcasted at about the same time. In this article, we consider the channel switching time and identify the data conflict issue in an on-demand multichannel dissemination system. We model the considered problem as a data broadcast with conflict avoidance (DBCA) problem and prove it is NP-complete. We hence propose the frequent-pattern-based broadcast scheduling (FPBS), which provides a new variant of the frequent pattern tree, FP ∗ -tree, to schedule the requested data. Using FPBS, the system can avoid data conflicts when assigning data items to time slots in the channels. In the simulation, we discussed two modes of FPBS: online and offline. The results show that, compared with the existing heuristic methods, FPBS can shorten the average access time by 30%.

One-loop string corrections for AdS Kaluza-Klein amplitudes

We discuss the string corrections to one-loop amplitudes in AdS5×S5, focussing on their expressions in Mellin space. We present the leading (α′)3 corrections to the family of correlators $$ \left\langle {\mathcal{O}}_2{\mathcal{O}}_2{\mathcal{O}}_p{\mathcal{O}}_p\right\rangle $$ O 2 O 2 O p O p at one loop and begin the exploration of the form of correlators with multiple channels. From these correlators we extract some string corrections to one- loop anomalous dimensions of families of operators of low twist.