Computer Mathematical Statistics and Comparative Analysis of Meteorological Conditions in the Bohai Rim Region through Big Data Digitization

Based on the data of environmental monitoring stations and meteorological stations in typical city in the Bohai Rim region in June 2021 and June 2020. The air quality in June 2021 was better than that in the same period in 2020. Ozone (O3) was the primary pollutant in June 2021 and June 2020. The overall meteorological conditions in May 2021 were relatively favorable. In June 2021, the number of light wind days and wind speed had no significant impact on air quality compared with the same period last year. The dominant wind direction in June 2021 was southeast wind, which was not conducive to the increase of ozone concentration compared with the southwest wind frequency in the same period in 2020; the relative humidity in June 2021 was slightly higher year-on-year, which was slightly conducive to the hygroscopic growth of pollution; the static stability index in June 2021 was lower year-on-year, and the weather conditions for comprehensive pollution diffusion were preferred year-on-year; the height of the mixed layer in June 2021 was lower year-on-year, the vertical diffusion weather conditions were deviated year-on-year; the average temperature, sunshine hours and total radiation in June 2021 were all low, which was not conducive to the generation of ozone.

Modelling Aboveground Biomass Carbon Stock of the Bohai Rim Coastal Wetlands by Integrating Remote Sensing, Terrain, and Climate Data

Remotely sensed vegetation indices (VIs) have been widely used to estimate the aboveground biomass (AGB) carbon stock of coastal wetlands by establishing Vis-related linear models. However, these models always have high uncertainties due to the large spatial variation and fragmentation of coastal wetlands. In this paper, an efficient coastal wetland AGB model for the Bohami Rim coastal wetlands was presented based on multiple data sets. The model was developed statistically with 7 independent variables from 23 metrics derived from remote sensing, topography, and climate data. Compared to previous models, it had better performance, with a root mean square error and r value of 188.32 g m−2 and 0.74, respectively. Using the model, we firstly generated a regional coastal wetland AGB map with a 10 m spatial resolution. Based on the AGB map, the AGB carbon stock of the Bohai Rim coastal wetland was 2.11 Tg C in 2019. The study demonstrated that integrating emerging high spatial resolution multi-remote sensing data and several auxiliary metrics can effectively improve VIs-based coastal wetland AGB models. Such models with emerging freely available data sets will allow for the rapid monitoring and better understanding of the special role that “blue carbon” plays in global carbon cycle.

Regional Heterogeneity of Carbon Emissions and Peaking Path of Carbon Emissions in the Bohai Rim Region

Taking the Bohai Rim region as the research object and based on the relevant data of energy consumption, GDP, and energy structure from 2000 to 2019, the total carbon emissions of the provinces and cities from 2020 to 2050 were predicted. The carbon peak situation of each province and municipality in the Bohai Rim region was also analyzed. A comparative analysis of the peaks among the provinces and cities has been carried out. The results show the following: (1) it is predicted that Beijing will reach its carbon peak before 2025. Tianjin is predicted to reach its carbon peak before 2030. Renewable energy development and utilization technologies in the two municipalities are crucial to achieving carbon peaks when energy intensity is already low. (2) Shandong and Shanxi have a heavy energy structure, are coal-minded, and have high energy intensity, while the replacement rate of renewable energy is relatively low. Shandong and Shanxi are predicted to reach carbon peaks around 2030. Liaoning also has the problem of heavy industrial structure, and it is predicted to reach the carbon peak before 2027. (3) Hebei itself relies on Beijing, and its renewable energy utilization technology is relatively advanced. It is predicted to reach the carbon peak before 2026. The energy intensity of Inner Mongolia has decreased rapidly, and it is predicted to reach the carbon peak before 2029. Therefore, according to the forecast results and the analysis of the similarities and differences among the provinces and cities, some specific suggestions for the optimization of the energy structure and the development of renewable energy in each province and city have been proposed in order to promote the comprehensive realization of the regional carbon peak goal in the Bohai Rim region.

Difference Equation Model-Based PM 2.5 Prediction considering the Spatiotemporal Propagation: A Case Study of Bohai Rim Region, China

Accurate reporting and prediction of PM 2.5 concentration are very important for improving public health. In this article, we use a spectral clustering algorithm to cluster 44 cities in the Bohai Rim Region. On this basis, we propose a special difference equation model, especially the use of nonlinear diffusion equations to characterize the temporal and spatial dynamic characteristics of PM 2.5 propagation between and within clusters for real-time prediction. For example, through the analysis of PM 2.5 concentration data for 92 consecutive days in the Bohai Rim Region, and according to different accuracy definitions, the average prediction accuracy of the difference equation model in all city clusters is 97% or 90%. The mean absolute error (MAE) of the forecast data for each urban agglomeration is within 7 units μg / m 3 . The experimental results show that the difference equation model can effectively reduce the prediction time, improve the prediction accuracy, and provide decision support for local air pollution early warning and urban comprehensive management.

Comprehensive Utilization Pattern of the Bohai Rim Coastline Using the Restrictive Composite Index Method

Coastlines play an important role in human activity and economic development. Reasonably allocating shoreline resources and addressing contradictions between ecological protection and development are critical issues. In this study, positive and negative factors affecting the natural, environmental, and socioeconomic status of the coastal zone while considering land and sea effects were comprehensively analyzed using ecological theories and methods, and an improved restrictive composite index model was constructed. We quantitatively analyzed the comprehensive utilization pattern of the Bohai Rim coastline, China, in terms of the coastline utilization type and spatial agglomeration characteristics. The comprehensive utilization pattern of the Bohai Rim coastline is as follows: ecological areas are present in the north and south, and industrial areas are present in the east and west. Industrial production areas along the coastline are mainly distributed in the East Liaodong and Bohai bays, and ecological protection areas are located in the estuaries of the Liaohe and Yellow River. The improved restricted comprehensive index method model weakens the interaction among variables and makes the calculation results closer to the real situation. The results of the comprehensive utilization pattern of Bohai Rim coastline obtained by quantitative evaluation are of great significance for the coordinated development of coastline ecological protection and development and utilization.

Optimal allocation of CO2 emission quotas at the city level in Bohai Rim Economic Circle based on multi-objective decision approach

As the most developed city circle in northern China, allocating CO2 emission quotas at the Bohai Rim Economic Circle (BREC) city level is essential for developing specific abatement policies. Thus, with reflecting multi-principles (fairness, efficiency, sustainability, and feasibility), this paper formulates the CO2 emission quotas allocation among cities in BREC in 2030 based on the multi-objective decision approach. We first propose three allocation schemes based on the principles of fairness, efficiency, and sustainability, which are conducted by entropy method, zero-sum gains data envelopment (ZSG-DEA) model, and CO2 sequestration share method, respectively. Then, the CO2 allocation satisfaction is defined and used to measure the feasibility principle which is integrated as the objective function of the multi-objective decision model together with three allocation schemes to obtain the optimal allocation results. The results show that cities with large energy consumption and less CO2 sequestration capacity, such as Tianjin, Handan, and Tangshan, experience a decrease in the emission quota shares from 2017 to 2030, indicating that these cities would undertake large emissions reduction obligations. Conversely, there is an increase in the shares of CO2 emission quotas when it comes to Beijing, Chengde, and Dalian, whose GDP, population, and CO2 sequestration capacity are relatively large. Sensitivity analysis shows that Beijing, Zibo, and Jinan are more sensitive to minimum satisfaction changes, and the total satisfaction experiences an increase first and declines thereafter. Based on the results above, cities with large pressure to reduce CO2 emissions should not only promote the economic development, but also improve the capacity of CO2 sequestration by enhancing environmental protection to realize emission reduction targets.