Relações internacionais EUA-Colômbia: o caso do Plan Colombia

Na segunda metade do século XX, o Estado colombiano preocupava-se em conter a insurgência das guerrilhas, propiciar a paz interna e reestruturar seu poder. O enfraquecimento estatal, maximizado pelo narcotráfico conduzido por grupos guerrilheiros e paramilitares, suscitou discussões acerca da instauração de um plano de segurança envolvendo os Estados Unidos e a Colômbia, intitulado como Plan Colombia em 1999. A política estadunidense de Bill Clinton, inserida em uma conjuntura de guerra aos ilícitos, visou interromper a institucionalização da violência no Estado colombiano, bem como conter os impactos da comercialização de drogas nos territórios adjacentes. Os investimentos majoritários foram provenientes do governo norte-americano, os quais permaneceriam maximizados em função dos episódios de 2001 – quando a “guerra ao terrorismo” converteu o plano como uma luta contra o narcoterrorismo. O presente artigo visa analisar o Plan Colombia na dinâmica das Relações Internacionais entre os EUA e a América Latina.

Raising the Level of Students' Foreign Communicative Competence in the Field of International Relations on the Material of Ted Talk

The specific of the communicative approach is highlighted and its influence on the professional communicative competence of international relations students. The results of the research are described, and it is proved the effectiveness of communicative techniques, improving the level of foreign communicative competence of the students of international relations based on TED talk materials. It is mentioned that the formation of a professional communicative preparation was provided on the different stages of the professional communicative competence approbation of students of international relations. The TED talk video is created from TED presentation (technology, entertainment, design) conferences or important events which took place in the world. TED talks are mostly limited till 18 minutes but there are exceptions. TEDx website's explanation of selection criteria: TED looks for engaging, charismatic speakers whose talks expose new ideas that are supported by concrete evidence and are relevant to a broad, international audience. The first TED conference was in 1984; the conference has been held annually since 1990. Over the years, presenters of TED talks have included Al Gore, Bill Clinton, Bill Gates, Bono, Jane Goodall, Malcolm Gladwell, Gordon Brown, Richard Dawkins Mike Rowe, Larry Page, Sergey Brin and Vint Cerf. So, the intensive communicative approach in teaching English is of great value and has great retrospect into the future, which allows the real and natural communicative process and approaching to the foreign communicative environment on condition of realization the system of communicative preparation by means of audiovisual resources in educational process, creating the authentic atmosphere.

The 1990s, Fulcrum of Change: Politics and Culture

In his campaign for president in 1992, Bill Clinton did something surprising: he advocated for gay rights. After winning the presidency, however, he was unable to integrate gay soldiers into the military as he had promised to do. Congress instead created a program known as Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, which forced gay soldiers back into the closet. Congress also passed, and President Clinton signed, the Defense of Marriage Act, which prevented the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages and allowed states to continue to deny marriage rights to same-sex couples. In 1997 television star Ellen DeGeneres came out as a lesbian both in person and in character on her TV show Ellen, becoming one of the most prominent out-of-the-closet gay people in the US.

Assessing President Obama's Appointment of Women to the Federal Appellate Courts

A major legacy of the Obama presidency was the mark he left on the federal courts with respect to increasing judicial diversity. In particular, President Obama's appointments of women to the federal judiciary exceeded all previous presidents in terms of both absolute numbers and as a share of all judges; he also appointed a record-setting number of women of color to the lower federal courts. In this Article, I take an intersectional approach to exploring variation in the professional backgrounds, qualifications, and Senate confirmation experiences of Obama's female appeals court appointees, comparing them with George W. Bush and Bill Clinton appointees. These data reveal that women of color appointed by Obama differ from both white women and minority men in terms of ABA ratings, the types of professional experiences they bring with them, and whether they were confirmed by a roll call vote.

Le Rwanda, une obsession française

Article disponible aussi en version WolofLe rapport de la Commission de recherche sur les archives françaises relatives au Rwanda et au génocide des Tutsi remis le 26 mars 2021 au président Emmanuel Macron n’est pas le premier à se pencher sur les responsabilités de la France. En décembre 1998, la mission Quilès publiait, après huit mois d’enquête, un volumineux document sur une éventuelle implication de Paris dans le génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda. Le choix des députés de s’en tenir à un simple travail d’information laissait présager d’une conclusion écrite à l’avance : ils invitaient les Rwandais à accepter d’être responsables de leur propre histoire, tout en égratignant au passage les Nations unies et, par petites allusions perfides, l’Amérique de Bill Clinton. De façon tout aussi prévisible, le rôle de Paris dans la tragédie était complètement nié. Tout juste reprochait-on au régime de François Mitterrand des erreurs d’appréciation dues à une trop grande proximité avec le régime corrompu, raciste et violent de Juvénal Habyarimana... Lire la suite

O Congresso dos Estados Unidos e os impasses na aprovação do NAFTA | The Congress of the United States and the impasses in the approval of NAFTA

A partir das competências constitucionais do Congresso dos Estados Unidos em política externa, das plataformas dos partidos Democrata e Republicano de 1992, bem como dos argumentos a favor e contra a implementação do North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), o artigo objetiva compreender e discutir as razões da dificuldade enfrentada por Bill Clinton para aprovar o NAFTA no Congresso dos EUA em 1993. Os resultados das análises dos diferentes grupos domésticos, incluindo os atores Executivo e Legislativo, indicam que posições ideológicas, sobretudo presentes no Partido Democrata, como questões trabalhistas e ambientais, representaram o principal fator de resistência ao NAFTA no Capitólio.Palavras-chave: Congresso; Estados Unidos; NAFTA.ABSTRACTBased on the constitutional powers of the United States Congress in foreign policy, the platforms of the Democratic and Republican parties of 1992, as well as the arguments for and against the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the article aimed to understand and discuss the reasons for Bill Clinton's difficulty in passing NAFTA to the US Congress in 1993. The results of the analyzes of different domestic groups, including the Executive and Legislative actors, indicate that ideological positions, especially present in the Democratic Party, as labor and environmental issues, represented the main factor of resistance to NAFTA in the Capitol. Keywords: Congress; United States; NAFTA. Recebido em: 08 fev. 2021 | Aceito em: 20 set. 2021.

DNA Finger-Printing: Current Scenario and Future

Linearly arranged chemical structure in chromosome is known as DNA. It is a double helix made up of two strands of genetic material spiraled around each other. Each strand has a sequence of bases. There are four types of basis namely adenine, guanine, cytosine and thiamine which are very unique to each individual just like their actual fingerprint. The nitrogen base adenine always binds with thymine and cytosine also always binds with guanine. Thus the DNA profiling unique to each individual is collectively known as DNA fingerprinting. DNA determines individuality or uniqueness of the each human being except in uniovular twins. The chances of complete similarity are one in 30 billion to 300 billion i.e. half the population of world. The technique of DNA fingerprinting was first developed by Dr. Alec Jeffery’s from Britain in 1984. He discovered a minisatellite region close to the human myoglobin gene. He isolated this sequence and used it as a probe to investigate human DNA. He found that the minisatellite probe result was a complex band pattern for each individual. In India, initially it was done at CCMB, Hyderabad by Dr. Lalji Singh. Now there are various centers where DNA fingerprinting is carried out. In Maharashtra it is carried out at Sate Forensic Science Laboratory, Vidya Nagar, Kalina, Mumbai – 400 098 (Phone 022–26670755). Using this technique FBI formally concluded the participation of Mr. Bill Clinton in Monica Lewyninskey case. In India more than 79 cases have been solved by using this technique including important case of Dhanu and Shivarasan alleged assailant of Late Priminister Shr. Rajiv Gandhi, Tandori case, Madhumati murder case etc.