Toddlers’ causal interventions reveal a grasp of the temporal priority principle

This study investigated whether one- and two-year-olds (N=133, 72 female, Western) grasp that causes must precede their effects (the temporal priority principle). Toddlers watched an adult perform action A on a puzzle-box, following which a sticker dispensed (effect E); following which action B was performed. In line with the temporal priority principle, toddlers were significantly more likely to manipulate A than B (Experiment 1), even when A was spatially disconnected from the sticker dispenser and further from it than action B (Experiment 2). Experiment 3 ruled out that toddlers acted based on a primacy effect in Experiments 1—2. A lack of evidence for any age effects suggests children grasp temporal priority from the second year of life.

A reply to ‘Science versus vernacular’: should some taxa of animals and plants be renamed according to ‘indigenous’ practices?

Palma & Heath (2021) have recently commented on our proposal to reinstate indigenous names within the Linnaean system of nomenclature on the basis of their chronological priority. They argue that this challenges rules that have been unquestioned for 250 years. However, we hold that the rules of the various codes of nomenclature are constantly under review. The opinion they prosecute crystallises down, in large part, to one that suggests that because there are pre-existing rules about priority, we should not change these: an argument that involves a degree of circularity. Unfortunately, Palma and Heath misinterpret our proposal throughout much of their discussion. We do not advocate replacing the binomina as is claimed nor do we advocate for name changes where there is no consensus on a given taxon among the people indigenous to the natural distribution of that taxon. Our proposal is that indigenous names can replace the species epithet where there is a consensus on a single indigenous name for a taxon throughout its distribution and where there is demonstrable temporal priority. Without such consensus, species that cover wide distributions and have multiple indigenous names will, under our proposal, remain unchanged in their nomenclature.

Personal Protective Equipment and Donning and Doffing Techniques in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights From an Internet Search for Protocols

Background: Due to the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a need for precise donning and doffing protocols for personal protective equipment (PPE) among healthcare infrastructures is paramount. Procedures involving the cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) are routinely non-aerosolizing but have the potential for rapid patient deterioration, creating the need for aerosolizing generating procedures. Multiple societal and governmental guidelines on the use of PPE during medical procedures are available on Internet websites; however, there is limited literature available in peer-reviewed formats in this context. This study aims to provide an overview of current PPE donning and doffing protocols specific to the catheterization laboratory.Methods: A series of internet searches regarding donning and doffing of PPE in the CCL including published articles and internet protocols were compiled and compared using Pubmed.gov, Google.com, www.twitter.com, and www.youtube.com.Results: Most institutions used N95 masks, shoe covers, at least one head covering, face shield or goggles, two pairs of gloves, and inner and outer gowns. Doffing variation was greater than donning. Doffing has the potential to contaminate the healthcare worker (HCW), and therefore, this step of PPE management requires further study. Common steps in temporal priority included cleaning of gloved hands, removal of outer (or only) gown, removal of outer gloves, repeat gloved hand cleaning, removal of facial PPE last, and a final non-gloved hand cleaning.Conclusions: This analysis provides a summary of commonly used practices that may be considered when designing CCL-specific PPE protocols. Analysis of consistent steps from the literature led the authors to formulate a suggested protocol for CCL HCWs when performing procedures on patients with confirmed or suspected/unknown COVID-19.

Modelling the temporal interplay between stress and affective disturbances in pathways to psychosis: an experience sampling study

Background One putative psychological mechanism through which momentary stress impacts on psychosis in individuals with increased liability to the disorder is via affective disturbance. However, to date, this has not been systematically tested. We aimed to investigate whether (i) cross-sectional and temporal effects of momentary stress on psychotic experiences via affective disturbance, and (ii) the reverse pathway of psychotic experiences on stress via affective disturbance were modified by familial liability to psychosis. Methods The Experience Sampling Method was used in a pooled data set of six studies with three groups of 245 individuals with psychotic disorder, 165 unaffected first-degree relatives, and 244 healthy control individuals to index familial liability. Multilevel moderated mediation models were fitted to investigate indirect effects across groups cross-sectionally and multilevel cross-lagged panel models to investigate temporal effects in the proposed pathways across two measurement occasions. Results Evidence on indirect effects from cross-sectional models indicated that, in all three groups, effects of stress on psychotic experiences were mediated by negative affect and, vice versa, effects of psychotic experiences on stress were mediated by negative affect, with all indirect effects being weakest in relatives. Longitudinal modelling of data provided no evidence of temporal priority of stress in exerting its indirect effects on psychotic experiences via affective disturbance or, vice versa. Conclusions Our findings tentatively suggest a rapid vicious cycle of stress impacting psychotic experiences via affective disturbances, which does, however, not seem to be consistently modified by familial liability to psychosis.

Housing protection and temporal priority

As soon as the law 26.994 entered into effect it replaced the wellknown family property regulated by the law 14.394. “The new protection regime finds its grounds in the Human Right to housing and it becomes an independent familial institution, though not unconnected to it” (Herrera et al., 2015, p. 410). The new regime returns to the table a subject, by the way quite discussed in the doctrine linked, to the temporary priority of registration. In this sense, the normative design refers us to the treatment that the National Real Estate Registry Law, that is, implicitly recognizes the existence of two types of priority with very different effects Therefore, this work will bring to light the linguistic problem considering the wording of the second paragraph of the article 244 of the Civil and Commercial Code. In the same way, the deducted difficulties on the assumption of direct priority will be exposed and, lastly, considering that housing is an essential human right, a work alternative that resembles the effects of the official report to the premise of indirect priority will be offered.

Inner-Qur’anic Chronology

This chapter introduces readers to attempts to reconstruct the Qur’an’s internal chronology. It endorses the possibility of discerning relationships of temporal priority and posteriority between different Qur’anic proclamations and addresses various objections raised against a diachronic approach to the Qur’an. Particular attention is paid to the striking convergences that can be detected between suras’ mean verse length and other terminological, literary, and thematic features displayed by them. It is argued that the traditional hypothesis that the Qur’anic proclamations can be arranged in a linear series of successive texts or textual clusters provides a compelling explanation for such convergences.

Easy Knowledge, Circularity, and the Puzzle of Reliability Knowledge

According to externalist reliabilism and dogmatic foundationalism, it's possible to gain knowledge through a perceptual experience without being in a position to know that the experience is reliable. As a result, both of these views face the problem of making knowledge of perceptual reliability too easy, for they permit deducing perceptual reliability from particular perceptual experience without already knowing that these experiences are trustworthy. Ernest Sosa advocates a two-stage solution to the problem. At the first stage, a rich body of perceptual animal knowledge is acquired. At the second stage, perceptual knowledge becomes reflective after deducing perceptual reliability from the initial body of perceptual animal knowledge. I defend the alternative approach of rejecting both externalist reliabilism and dogmatic foundationalism. According to the alternative view, perceptual knowledge and knowledge of perceptual reliability require each other. Such a cognitive structure seems viciously circular. I propose that the appearance of vicious circularity dissipates when the relationship in question is viewed, not as one of temporal priority, but instead as synchronic mutual dependence. At a given time, one cannot have perceptual knowledge without knowledge of perceptual reliability, and vice versa. Such mutual dependence, I argue, is benign.