Continuality of Language Levels Hierarchy

The author points out that the structure of language levels system is still a crucial linguistic problem, that research in this field is far from being completed and that there is a need for further improvement of the current models of language levels hierarchy. The author sets out his reflections that sprang up from striving to eliminate some contradictions in the existing models of the language levels system. Applying the method of comparative analysis, elements of the model theory and linguistic systemology, using the Russian language material supplemented by some sporadic examples from other languages, the researcher puts forward a number of amendments to the existing models of the language levels hierarchy – amendments intended for riddance of the above-mentioned contradictions. The author argues in favor of merging the morphological and lexical levels, as well as the level of syntax and that of utterances, and offers insertion of the word combinations level at which language units and speech units co-exist, forming two intersecting sub-levels. The expediency of combining the system of language levels and that of speech levels into a common speech-language space has been proved. Using the empirical material, the author demonstrates the level boundaries blurring and existence of inter-level gaps, which contain hybrid units that have typological features of both the upper level and the lower level. The following conclusion is drawn: the speech-language hierarchy must be schematically presented not so much a column of hard and fast lines as a linguistic continuum with smooth transitions between the levels.

«Умный в гору не пойдет пойдет…» : использование электронных корпусов для диахронных исследований

“Work smart, not hard”: the use of electronic corpora for diachronic research. The present article is meant to be an experiment. Through the study of a specific linguistic problem – the use of discourse enclitics in two registersof the Old Russian langu age – the advantages and disadvantages of the use ofelectronic corpora in similar investigations is demonstrated in the research research.

Use of Professional Language in Media

Every language in the world has its own basics, goals and characteristics, but all are harmonious in communicative value, this means that every language transmits communication, knowledge, ideas, culture, feeling, purpose and many other things. On the other hand, languages ​​are the names that are specific to the power of speech of certain nations and people around the world, such as: Pashto is the language of the Pashteens tribe, Hindi is the language of the Hindu tribes, and English is the language of the English tribes and so on. It is not important for a person to understand many languages, even if, one speaks only in one's native language , one is able to share one's thoughts, desires and feelings with others. Since, every language in the world has its own terminology, which includes academic, professional vocabulary and information. This article is written by taking references from different books, experiences and instructions in regard to my profession or journalism about the origin of language, communicative value, characteristics of language, function of language, linguistic problem and language of media. Scholar’s views are mentioned and the use of professional language, guidance, and its impact on professional language especially in media is also discussed. And in appropriate places, practical examples are also incorporated from across the country, the region and the world, for better explanation of the subject to readers.

“We thought about it together and the solution came to our minds”: languaging linguistic problem-solving in multilingual Finnish classrooms

This study examines a learning experiment in which linguistic problem-solving tasks designed to increase students’ (aged 9–13) language awareness through collaborative dialogue were introduced in multilingual primary school classrooms in Finland. The aim was to analyse how the students (N = 126) reported what was happening during the linguistic problem-solving tasks, drawing on the method of languaging. Additionally, the study investigates how meaningful, relevant and novel the students with diverse backgrounds found the tasks. The data were collected via a survey. Students’ problem-solving reports were analysed via content analysis, with the Taxonomy of Cognitive Process applied. Statistical analysis was used to measure the experienced meaningfulness, relevance and novelty. The analysis resulted in an understanding of the multiple voices in which the students articulated their thinking regarding linguistic problem-solving. The study sheds light on how to develop language aware learning materials to engage all students, regardless of their backgrounds, in discussions on language.

LEXICAL-SEMANTICAL FEATURES OF SOME MEDICAL LINGUISTIC UNITS

Introduction. Medical linguistic units are considered to be non-separable parts of medical terminology. The study of medical euphemism as a medical linguistic unit is an urgent linguistic problem, since in recent decades the process of the formation of euphemisms has been proceeding with particular intensity. This is explained by the fact that at present one of the most important factors contributing to the formation of euphemisms and their consolidation in the language is their ability to be a powerful means of forming new social attitudes, and medical euphemisms are extremely widespread in socially significant spheres of medical speech activity.

Problems Faced By Students in Writing English Academic Summary

Purpose: This research investigates the problems faced by college students in writing English academic summary. Methodology/Approach/Design: The method used includes surface strategy taxonomy by Heidi Dulay and non-linguistic problem using personal interview. The data were collected from 35 original summary writing documents for the linguistic sources and Zoom meeting video recorder for the non-linguistic sources. The samples were 7 students in 5th semester of English Education Department, Islamic State Institute of Kediri. To gather data, the researchers employed a random sampling technique. The data analysis used descriptive qualitative methods. Results: The result of the data analysis shows that the students committed four types of surface strategy taxonomy: omission, addition, misformation, and miss ordering. Misformation is the type of common problem found in the students’ summary writing. In the personal interview, it was found that misunderstands about advanced-vocabulary is the common non-linguistic problem. These represent the problems faced by students. Practical Implications: This research study has implications for teachers and students. The results can be of use for improving students’ writing and designing alternative teaching skills for this important skill. Originality/Value: Summary writing process helps the students to expand their view about proper academic writing. This situation suggests that summary writing is a good strategy technique to be applied in college students. However, the ability in writing an academic summary using surface strategy taxonomy needs to be improved

El lenguaje como institución. Una aproximación de su función evolutiva, económica y política desde una perspectiva austriaca

In this paper, we try to give a different perspective to the one that has been studied and offered in linguistics until now. Language starts as the main form of oral communication that is transmitted from generation to generation. Language is in constant evolution. One of the greatest evolutions in the linguistic field has been precisely writing. It represented perfectly the union of graphic ideas and concepts with the beginning of the religious beliefs. We also try to analyze which are the causes and consequences of interventionism in something as personal and private as language. We will try to demonstrate how socialism, even in linguistics, distorts the correct evolution of lan guage, remembering the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights (1996) whose consequence is the strengthening of various nationalisms around the world. Finally, conclusions and solutions will be given to a very specific linguistic problem: Spain. Key words: Socialism, planification, spontaneous order, evolution, linguistics, language, pidgin, nationalism, economy, institution. JEL Classification: A1 (General Economics) → A12 (Relation of Economics to other Disciplines). Resumen: Este artículo pretende abordar una perspectiva diferente a la que se viene estudiando y ofreciendo en lingüística, pues el lenguaje comienza a forjarse como forma de comunicación oral que se transmite de generación en generación y que no deja de evolucionar. Está en constante evolución. Una de las mayores evoluciones en el campo de la lingüística fue precisamente la escritura que representaba a la perfección la unión de ideas o conceptos de forma gráfica y el comienzo de las creencias religiosas. En este mismo artículo analizamos cuáles son las causas de una interven - ción desde los poderes públicos en algo tan personal e intransferible como el len guaje, así como sus posibles consecuencias. Intentaremos, pues, demos - trar cómo el socialismo en materia lingüística (o su imposibilidad) distorsiona la correcta evolución del lenguaje, comenzando por la Declaración de De - re chos Lingüísticos del año 1996 que no ha hecho sino fortalecer un gran nú mero de nacionalismos a lo largo y ancho del globo terráqueo. Finalmente, intentaremos humildemente extraer conclusiones y poner posibles soluciones en un ejemplo muy concreto: España. Palabras clave: Socialismo, planificación, órden espontáneo, evolución, lingüística, lenguaje, pidgin, nacionalismo, economía, institución. Clasificación JEL: Dentro de A1 (General Economics), el apartado A12 (Rela tion of Economics to other Disciplines).

An investigation of linguistic problems in automatic multi-document summaries / Uma investigação de problemas linguísticos em sumários automáticos multidocumento

Automatic summaries commonly present diverse linguistic problems that affect textual quality and thus their understanding by users. Few studies have tried to characterize such problems and their relation with the performance of the summarization systems. In this paper, we investigated the problems in multi-document extracts (i.e., summaries produced by concatenating several sentences taken exactly as they appear in the source texts) generated by systems for Brazilian Portuguese that have different approaches (i.e., superficial and deep) and performances (i.e., baseline and state-of-the art methods). For that, we first reviewed the main characterization studies, resulting in a typology of linguistic problems more suitable for multi-document summarization. Then, we manually annotated a corpus of automatic multi-document extracts in Portuguese based on the typology, which showed that some of linguistic problems are significantly more recurrent than others. Thus, this corpus annotation may support research on linguistic problems detection and correction for summary improvement, allowing the production of automatic summaries that are not only informative (i.e., they convey the content of the source material), but also linguistically well structured.Keywords: automatic summarization; multi-document summary; linguistic problem; corpus annotation.Resumo: Sumários automáticos geralmente apresentam vários problemas linguísticos que afetam a sua qualidade textual e, consequentemente, sua compreensão pelos usuários. Alguns trabalhos caracterizam tais problemas e os relacionam ao desempenho dos sistemas de sumarização. Neste artigo, investigaram-se os problemas em extratos (isto é, sumários produzidos pela concatenação de sentenças extraídas na íntegra dos textos-fonte) multidocumento em Português do Brasil gerados por sistemas que apresentam diferentes abordagens (isto é, superficial e profunda) e desempenho (isto é, métodos baseline e do estado-da-arte). Para tanto, as principais caracterizações dos problemas linguísticos em sumários automáticos foram investigadas, resultando em uma tipologia mais adequada à sumarização multidocumento. Em seguida, anotou-se manualmente um corpus de extratos com base na tipologia, evidenciando que alguns tipos de problemas são significativamente mais recorrentes que outros. Assim, essa anotação gera subsídios para as tarefas automáticas de detecção e correção de problemas linguísticos com vistas à produção de sumários automáticos não só mais informativos (isto é, que cobrem o conteúdo do material de origem), como também linguisticamente bem-estruturados.Palavras-chave: sumarização automática; sumário multidocumento; problema linguístico; anotação de corpus.

Metafore i paronimi u srpskom žargonu u kontekstu glotodidaktike

The paper addresses the linguistic problem of learning jargon neosemantisms in relation to the similarity in Serbian as a foreign language among students of Serbian studies in Poland. Metaphors and paronyms will serve to illustrate neosemantization in the Serbian language as a possibility of expanding the meaning of lexicalunits and, aboveall, the transfer of meaning. A largenumber of neosemantisms of this type, thatis, those created through metaphorization and paronomization, test if ies to the creativity of the native speakers of Serbian in this regard. However, the issue of neosemantization is not typically Serbian, but rather global as it can be found in any language (especially in sociolects).

Housing protection and temporal priority

As soon as the law 26.994 entered into effect it replaced the wellknown family property regulated by the law 14.394. “The new protection regime finds its grounds in the Human Right to housing and it becomes an independent familial institution, though not unconnected to it” (Herrera et al., 2015, p. 410). The new regime returns to the table a subject, by the way quite discussed in the doctrine linked, to the temporary priority of registration. In this sense, the normative design refers us to the treatment that the National Real Estate Registry Law, that is, implicitly recognizes the existence of two types of priority with very different effects Therefore, this work will bring to light the linguistic problem considering the wording of the second paragraph of the article 244 of the Civil and Commercial Code. In the same way, the deducted difficulties on the assumption of direct priority will be exposed and, lastly, considering that housing is an essential human right, a work alternative that resembles the effects of the official report to the premise of indirect priority will be offered.