Effect of Garlic Organic Sulfides on Gene Expression Profiling in HepG2 Cells and Its Biological Function Analysis by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis System and Bio-Plex-Based Assays

Garlic organic sulfides are dietary bioactive components with multiple biofunctions to prevent chronic diseases/inflammation and promote human health. DADS (diallyl disulfide), DATS (diallyl trisulfide), and DTS (diallyl tetrasulfide) are typical organic sulfides with similar structures from garlic. However, the structure-activity relationship of garlic organic sulfides remained unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of DADS, DATS, and DTS on the gene expression profiling of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) by application of microarray and specialized analysis software, GO, Bio-Plex-based cytokines assay and IPA and analyze their structure-activity relationship according to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic-related properties. According to the microarray data, with the increase of S atom in garlic organic sulfides, its biological activity was gradually enhanced. In the general catalog of GO, garlic organic sulfides mainly affect biological process, molecular function, and cellular component. RT-qPCR results indicated that the microarray data is trustworthy, and the structure-activity analysis data found that more sulfur atoms have more powerful properties; thus, microarray data of DTS was preceded to the subsequent IPA analysis. The results of IPA analysis showed that the top 5 signaling pathways and molecular functions were disturbed by DTS; the molecular functions with the highest scores affected by DTS are cancer, cell apoptosis, and cell proliferation, which imply that the occurrence or metabolism of these diseases is related to the differential expression of the above-mentioned related genes and the activation of signaling channels, and the core of the most significant molecular network is inflammation. Finally, the results found that the secretions of 6 cytokines in macrophages were significantly inhibited by DTS treatment. This is the first study that analyzed the structure-activity relationship of garlic organic sulfides, which will provide useful genetic information for its multi-biofunction and promote their clinical application in the near future.

Solvent-Free Visible Light Photocatalytic Oxidation Processes Mediated by Transparent Films of an Imine-Based Organic Polymer

Reaction between concentrated solutions of phenotiazine containing trialdehyde building block 4,4′,4″-(10-phenothiazine-3,7,10-triyl)tribenzaldehyde and (1R,2R)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine results in the formation of a yellow transparent film. Exhaustive characterization of this material indicates that it is the result of the assembly of a linear polymer resulting from the linking of imine-based macrocycles. Phenotiazine units confer to this plastic the optical properties characteristic of photocatalytic materials. The transparency of the obtained material enabled the performance of solvent-free photocatalytic processes. This concept is illustrated by the oxidation of liquid organic sulfides, which can be performed in a recyclable manner. According to selective quenching experiments, such processes are the result of the energy transfer to oxygen molecule, generating singlet oxygen that is able to activate the sulfide molecules directly.

Late-stage C–H thiolation via sulfonium salts using β-sulfinylesters as the versatile sulfur source

Organic sulfides form the core scaffold of a wide range of pharmaceuticals, natural products, and materials, and serve as key intermediates in synthesis. Prior methods to organic sulfides require the use of transition metal (TM) catalysts, prefunctionalized or chelating group-containing substrates, and elevated reaction temperatures. A general TM-free C–H thiolation protocol using readily accessible sulfur source is highly desirable. Herein, we disclose a direct C(sp)–, C(sp2)–, and C(sp3)–H thiolation reaction using β-sulfinylesters as the versatile sulfur source. The key step of this protocol is chemoselective C–S bond cleavage of the sulfonium salts that is in situ formed from the corresponding (hetero)arenes, alkenes, alkynes, and 1,3-dicarboxyl compounds with β-sulfinylesters. The successful capture of acrylate byproduct supports a retro-Michael reaction mechanism. This method is expected to be used widely because of several advantageous aspects including TM-free, mild reaction conditions, and broad substrate scope including drug molecules.

Methods of determination and extractants used in the isolation of platinum (review)

There is carried out a systematic review of the literature on methods for determining platinum (IV) ions and extractants used for their extraction in the article. The article considers chemical, physical, and physico-chemical methods of determination. Also, the authors of the article focused on selective and sensitive spectroscopic methods. There are considered several groups of such reagents and extractants as organophosphorus (tributyl phosphate, di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid) diphenylthiourea, high-molecular aliphatic alcohols, organic sulfides isolated from high-sulfur oils, binary extractants based on oxygen-containing and sulfur-containing acids, as well as secondary (R_2 〖NН〗_2А), tertiary (R_3NНA) amines, diamines, and quaternary ammonium bases (R_4NA). They were used for the extraction of platinum from multicomponent objects. Practically common to all the extractants used (chloroform, diethyl ether, carbon tetrachloride, etc.) are their rather high solubility in water, toxicity, volatility, fire hazard. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance to select such extraction systems that combine the effectiveness of organic reagents and the use of such extractants that would eliminate the disadvantages of liquid organic solvents. As such extractants, so-called low-melting organic substances can be used, which do not dissolve in water, are non-toxic, fire-safe, have a high extraction capacity, selectivity, and sensitivity to low content of elements. Therefore, it is fundamentally important to select such extraction systems, which would combine the efficiency of organic reagents and the use of such extractants that eliminate the disadvantages of liquid organic solvents. As such extractants can be used so-called fusible organic substances, which are insoluble in water, non-toxic, fire-safe, have a high extraction capacity, selectivity, sensitivity to low element content.

Magneli-Type Tungsten Oxide Nanorods as Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of Organic Sulfides

Selective oxidation of thioethers is an important reaction to obtain sulfoxides as synthetic intermediates for applications in chemical industry, medicinal chemistry and biology or the destruction of warfare agents. The...