THE HYPOTHESIS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL REGULARITY OF ATMOSPHERIC STATE INDEX FIELDS AND ITS EMPIRICAL JUSTIFICATION

The paper discusses the empirical foundations and the results of two-dimensional approximation of the diagnostic components of the atmospheric indices - its dispersion poten-tials (DP) and pollution by mathematical models. A hypothesis is formulated about the pres-ence of features of the possible self-organization of the studied fields by the energy-informational influences of the Sun. Key words: analysis of empirical data, spatial and temporal patterns of field chang-es, dispersion and atmospheric pollution potentials, diagnostic component of the field, two-dimensional waves, self-organization.

Highly-Excited State Properties of Cumulenone Chlorides in the Vacuum-Ultraviolet

<div><div><div><p>Recent observations of chloromethane in interstellar environments suggest that other organohalo- gens, which are known to be critically important in Earth′s atmosphere, may also be of significance beyond our own terrestrial veil. This raises the question of how such molecules behave under extreme conditions such as when exposed to vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. VUV photons promote molecules to highly excited states that fragment in non-statistical patterns controlled by the initial femtosecond dynamics. A detailed understanding of VUV-driven photochemistry in complex organic molecules that consist of more than one functional group is a particularly challenging task. This quantum chemical analysis reports the electronic states and ionization potentials up to the VUV range (6 - 11 eV) of the chlorine-substituted cumulenone series molecules. The valence and Rydberg properties of lone-pair terminated, π-conjugated systems are explored for their potential resonance with lone pairs from elsewhere in the system. The carbon chain elongation within the family ClHCnO, where n=1-4, influences the electronic excitations, associated wavefunctions, and ionization poten- tials of the molecules. The predicted geometries and ionization potentials are in good agreement with the available experimental photoelectron spectra for formyl chloride and chloroketene, n=1-2. Furthermore, comparison between the regular cumulenone species and the corresponding chlorinated derivatives exhibit similar behaviors especially for n=3, where the allene backbone in propadienone chloride is severely bent. Most notably for the excited states is that the Rydberg character becomes more dominant as the energy increases, with some retaining valence characters.</p></div></div></div>

Highly-Excited State Properties of Cumulenone Chlorides in the Vacuum-Ultraviolet

<div><div><div><p>Recent observations of chloromethane in interstellar environments suggest that other organohalo- gens, which are known to be critically important in Earth′s atmosphere, may also be of significance beyond our own terrestrial veil. This raises the question of how such molecules behave under extreme conditions such as when exposed to vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. VUV photons promote molecules to highly excited states that fragment in non-statistical patterns controlled by the initial femtosecond dynamics. A detailed understanding of VUV-driven photochemistry in complex organic molecules that consist of more than one functional group is a particularly challenging task. This quantum chemical analysis reports the electronic states and ionization potentials up to the VUV range (6 - 11 eV) of the chlorine-substituted cumulenone series molecules. The valence and Rydberg properties of lone-pair terminated, π-conjugated systems are explored for their potential resonance with lone pairs from elsewhere in the system. The carbon chain elongation within the family ClHCnO, where n=1-4, influences the electronic excitations, associated wavefunctions, and ionization poten- tials of the molecules. The predicted geometries and ionization potentials are in good agreement with the available experimental photoelectron spectra for formyl chloride and chloroketene, n=1-2. Furthermore, comparison between the regular cumulenone species and the corresponding chlorinated derivatives exhibit similar behaviors especially for n=3, where the allene backbone in propadienone chloride is severely bent. Most notably for the excited states is that the Rydberg character becomes more dominant as the energy increases, with some retaining valence characters.</p></div></div></div>

Quasi-Exactly Soluble Potentials and Deformed Oscillators

It is proved that quasi-exactly soluble potentials corresponding to an oscillator with harmonic, quartic and sextic terms, for which the n+1 lowest levels of a given parity can be determined exactly, may be approximated by WKB equivalent poten- tials corresponding to deformed anharmonic oscillators of SUq(1,1) symmetry, which have been used for the description of vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules. This connection allows for the immediate approximate determination of the levels of the same parity lying above the fewest n+1 known levels, as well as of all levels of the opposite parity. Such connections are not possible in the cases of the q-deformed oscillator, the Q-deformed oscillator, and the modified Pöschl-Teller potential with SU(1,1) symmetry.

ASSESSMENT TOOL TO MEASURE AND EVALUATE THE RISK POTENTIAL OF GAMBLING PRODUCTS: ASTERIG

Within an elementary decision of March 28th, 2006 the German Federal Constitutional Court implemented the following: “According to the status quo of research it is certain, that gambling and bets can result in morbid addictive be-haviour. ... However different gambling products exhibit different addictive poten-tials.” Up to now a specific identification of the addictive potential of a concrete gambling product was nearly impossible. This being said, the Wissenschaftliches Forum Glücksspiel (Gambling Scientific Forum) developed a globally applicable assessment tool to measure and evaluate the risk potential of gambling products. AsTERiG is developed by the Gambling Scientific Forum in the years 2006-2010. At the completion of this final version as well as in the composition of this survey the following scien-tists were involved: Prof. Dr. Reiner Clement, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University; Prof. Dr. Jörg Ennuschat, University of Konstanz; Prof. Jörg Häfeli, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts; Prof. Dr. Gerhard Meyer, University of Bremen; Chantal Mörsen, Charité Berlin; Prof. Dr. Dr. Franz W. Peren, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University; Prof. Dr. Wiltrud Terlau, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University.

Biological Studies of Combustion Atmospheres

There is evidence supported by statistical information from fire deaths that many fire fatalities occur as a result of incapacitation of the victims by the toxic products given off during the early stages of fires, thereby preventing escape from the fire, rather than from direct exposure to heat or other factors. As an essential part of understanding these problems, a study has been made of the mechanisms of incapacitation resulting from exposures to atmospheres of ther mal decomposition products from polymeric materials. Under conditions ap proved by the Home Office Inspector, individual cynomolgus monkeys were ex posed to atmospheres increasing in separate experiments from very low smoke concentrations until early signs of physiological effects were detected. Measure ments were made of two kinds of physiological parameters: vital signs (respira tion, electrocardiography and respiratory blood gases) and parameters indicating effects on the nervous system (electroencephalography, auditory evoked poten tials, nerve conduction velocity). The atmospheres generated were designed to study the effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and thermal decomposition products from wood, polyacrylonitrile, polyurethane foam, polypropylene, polystyrene and nylon produced under pyrolytic or ox idative conditions at a range of temperatures. The main findings were that the composition and hence the toxicity of the products from individual materials could vary considerably depending upon the different conditions of temperature and degree of oxygenation under which they were decomposed. However, despite the great complexity in chemical composition of the test atmospheres, the basic toxic effects on the animals were relatively simple, and for each in dividual atmosphere the toxicity was always dominated by one of these factors; carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, or irritants. The role of each of these fac tors in causing incapacitation in real fires is discussed.

Effective Interionic Potentials and Properties of Molten Noble and Transition Metals

Recent X-ray diffraction data on molten noble and transition metals have been used to calculate effective interionic potentials by means of the Born-Green equation. The results on the noble metals are compared with the generalized pseudopotential calculations of Moriarty. In all cases the potentions were found to be insensitive to temperature and to have long-range oscillations. The results suggest that the effective valence number is close to unity in these molten metals, this giving reasonable values of the electrical resistivity when calculated in the framework of the usual Ziman theory.The self-diffusion coefficients, viscosities and surface tensions were calculated from the poten-tials and radial distribution functions using the kinetic theory of fluids. Adequate agreement with experimental data was obtained.

An Analysis of the Water Potential Isotherm in Plant Tissue

The water potential isotherms of leaves of carob (a sclerophyllic xerophyte), plane tree (a mesophyte), and saltbush (a semisucculent xero-halophyte) were measured by vapour equilibration with filter paper. The isotherm of the living tissue was partitioned into components by measuring the isotherms of killed tissue and of isolated matrix fractions. Empirical functions were fitted by regression to each of the components. The isotherm of the matrix fractions fitted best to a function of the form 'P = -a/w2+b/w and the isotherms of killed tissue, whether before or after subtraction of the matrix, to a function of the form 'P = -a/w2-b/w. The first term indicates non-ideality of the tissue solution. The water potential difference between living and killed tissue, which is an approximation of the hydro-static potential, was far from linear with water content; either a quadratic function or two discontinuous linear ones could be fitted to it. Negative hydrostatic poten-tials were measured, the highest values (20 atm) being attained in carob. A hyster-etic component was measured both in the entire tissue and in the matrix fractions.