Methodological Issues of Small Business analysis: Heterogeneity of its Structure and Sustainability of Development

The article is devoted to system analysis of small business. The paper presents quantitative indicators of the development of subjects of Russian small business contained in various statistical databases (Rosstat, Federal Tax Service), reveals the incompatibility of the data, which complicates the analysis of the considered sector of the national economy. It is concluded that the scale of development of small business is insufficient, which does not allow for the full implementation of its inherent functions. The necessity of supplementing the quantitative approach with a qualitative analysis of small business as a mesoscale system has been substantiated. The concept of heterogeneity of its structure is introduced, characterized by the presence of a triad of categories («kids», «genetic dwarfs», «transformers») and a triad of subcategories («travelers», «reorganizers», «imago») that determine the composition of «transformers». Their system functions have been studied and it was concluded that the relationship between them, on one hand, determines the systemic stability of small business, and on the other hand, creates a «portrait» of small business in a particular state. Based on the proposed methodological principles, the specificity of the Russian small business model has been formulated, namely that the SME sector is currently not able to be the basis of a market economy, and the model itself is structurally unbalanced. Its distinguishing features include a low share of innovative oriented enterprises comprising “kids” and “dwarfs”, a significant number of small firms working in economic symbiosis with large enterprises, a relatively short life cycle of all categories of small businesses, a high share of imago and retiring due to the loss-making of small enterprises, etc. The specifics of the implementation of micro-level development strategies of various categories of small enterprises – the use of credit resources of banks, increasing the stability of their functioning (including increasing their life cycle) have been considered. The necessity of a differentiated approach to the implementation of the mesoscale strategy of state support of small businesses has been substantiated. The conclusion has drawn on the importance of transforming the existing infrastructure to support Russian small business, and, in particular, the importance of the role of state aid in times of crisis. Supporting measures for small enterprises in the context of the coronavirus pandemic in Russia and in foreign countries have been considered.

System Analysis of Small Business: Structure Heterogeneity and Sustainability

The article provides system analysis of small business. The paper presents quantitative indicators of the development of the subjects of Russian small business contained in various statistical databases (Rosstat, Federal Tax Service), reveals the incompatibility of the data, which complicates the analysis of the considered sector of the national economy. It is concluded that the scale of development of small business is insufficient, which does not allow for the full implementation of its inherent functions. The necessity of supplementing the quantitative approach with a qualitative analysis of small business as a mesoscale system has been substantiated. The concept of heterogeneity of its structure is introduced, characterized by the presence of a triad of categories (“kids”, “genetic dwarfs”, “transformers”) and a triad of subcategories (“travelers”, “reorganizers”, “imago”) that determine the composition of “transformers”. Their system functions have been studied and it was concluded that the relationship between them, on one hand, determines the systemic stability of small business, and on the other hand, creates a “portrait” of small business in a particular state. Based on the proposed methodological principles, the specificity of the Russian small business model has been formulated, namely that the SME sector is currently not able to be the basis of a market economy, and the model itself is structurally unbalanced. Its distinguishing features include a low share of innovative oriented enterprises comprising “kids” and “dwarfs”, a significant number of small firms working in economic symbiosis with large enterprises, a relatively short life cycle of all categories of small businesses, a high share of imago and retiring due to the loss-making of small enterprises etc. The specifics of the implementation of micro-level development strategies of various categories of small enterprises is the use of credit resources of banks, increasing the stability of their functioning (including increasing their life cycle) have been considered. The necessity of a differentiated approach to the implementation of the mesoscale strategy of state support of small businesses has been substantiated. The conclusion has drawn on the importance of transforming the existing infrastructure to support Russian small business, and in particular – the importance of the role of state aid in times of crisis. Supporting measures for small enterprises in the context of the corona-virus pandemic in Russia and in foreign countries have been considered.

A CONTINUOUS FLOW SULFURYL CHLORIDE BASED REACTION – SYNTHESIS OF A KEY INTERMEDIATE IN A NEW ROUTE TOWARD EMTRICITABINE AND LAMIVUDINE

<p>We demonstrate a continuous two-step sequence where a sulfenyl chloride is formed, trapped by vinyl acetate and chlorinated further via a Pummerer rearrangement. This sequence produces a key intermediate in our new approach to the oxathiolane core used to prepare the anti-retroviral medicines Emtricitabine and Lamivudine. During batch scale-up to tens of grams, we found that the sequence featured a strong exotherm, temperature and pressure sensitivity, and evolution of hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide. These reactions are ideal candidates for implementation in a continuous, mesoscale system for the sake of superior control. In addition, we found that fast reagent additions at controlled temperatures decreased byproduct formation. Herein, we discuss the flow implementation and the final reactor design that led to a 141g/h throughput system. </p>

A CONTINUOUS FLOW SULFURYL CHLORIDE BASED REACTION – SYNTHESIS OF A KEY INTERMEDIATE IN A NEW ROUTE TOWARD EMTRICITABINE AND LAMIVUDINE

<p>We demonstrate a continuous two-step sequence where a sulfenyl chloride is formed, trapped by vinyl acetate and chlorinated further via a Pummerer rearrangement. This sequence produces a key intermediate in our new approach to the oxathiolane core used to prepare the anti-retroviral medicines Emtricitabine and Lamivudine. During batch scale-up to tens of grams, we found that the sequence featured a strong exotherm, temperature and pressure sensitivity, and evolution of hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide. These reactions are ideal candidates for implementation in a continuous, mesoscale system for the sake of superior control. In addition, we found that fast reagent additions at controlled temperatures decreased byproduct formation. Herein, we discuss the flow implementation and the final reactor design that led to a 141g/h throughput system. </p>

Mesoscale Analysis of Severe Downslope Windstorm Caused by Gap Jet in Tianshan Canyon

&lt;p&gt;Severe downslope wind triggered by the interaction between the gap jet and the asymmetrical topography in the Tianshan canyon which caused severe disasters of trains rolloverin the Turpan Depression in Xinjiang on February 28, 2007. To understand the mechanism of downslopewindstorm between the interaction of large-scale circulation background&amp;#65292;mesoscale system and complex topography in this extreme windstorm.We use a WRF model to simulated it.Base on the mesoscale diagnostic analysis to simulative results&amp;#65292;We propose a mechanism for the windstorm : Under the pressure gradient between north-south sides of the Tianshan Mountain, the air parcel climbs windward slope and flowsinto the Tianshan Gorge and then forms gap jet due to effect of narrow&amp;#65292;the jet generated gravity waves forced by the asymmetric terrain of the Tianshan Canyon, and produces a lee waves in the leeward, which transmits the energy of the gap jet to the ground&amp;#65292;andSevere downslope windstorm formed finally. In this process, the turbulence formed by the wave breaking and the critical layer absorb the upper layer energy downward, which strengthens the energy of the gap jet,and the atmospheric stability stratification exacerbates the sinking movement, which sinks energy to the ground.&lt;/p&gt;

Impact of land surface processes on mesoscale convective initiation over Africa in ensemble model simulations: 3 Case studies using UKMO Unified Model

&lt;p&gt;Impact of land surface processes on mesoscale convective initiation over Africa in ensemble model simulations: 3 Case studies using UKMO Unified Model&lt;br&gt;V S Semeena&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, C Taylor&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; and A Hartley&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;1. UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK&lt;br&gt;2. Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, UK&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The populations of the developing world have a greater need for accurate weather predictions because national economies and personal livelihoods depend very heavily on weather-sensitive factors including agriculture, water resources and public health. &amp;#160; Climate related risk is an obstacle in improving food security and rural livelihood in Africa. &amp;#160; An effective system to provide reasonable forecast can have a great positive impact on the life quality in African continent. &amp;#160; &amp;#160;Thus predicting an event with accuracy is essential to provide early warning of heavy rainfall and floods that may lead to loss of life and property. Past studies have shown the importance of the land surface on the development of African convective storms. Here we are using 72 hour ensemble model simulations to evaluate the representation of land and its influence on convection in forecast models. &amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;Three episodes of heavy rainfall events are identified over western and eastern African region over late springtime of 2019 for this study. &amp;#160; A heavy rainfall event is recorded over SW Mali on 25th April 2019 followed by the development of a convective system over northern Benin on 29th April 2019. &amp;#160; The latter one develops into a mesoscale system on 30th April extending up to western Nigeria and this convective initiation in the afternoon and development into a larger system by late evening continues until 3rd May. &amp;#160; &amp;#160;Our eastern African case examines the daytime development of convective cells which develop over southern Sudan, and grow into a mesoscale system which crosses over to Congo by midnight. &amp;#160;17 ensemble members simulation of the UK Met Office Unified Model (UKMO-UM) that were run for a forecasting testbed within the African SWIFT (Science for Weather Information and Forecasting Techniques) is used to understand the role of land surface temperature (LST) and soil moisture (SM) in formation of mesoscale systems. &amp;#160;Single-model ensemble simulations of the UM in global domain at 0.2813 X 0.1875 degree longitude, latitude resolution and the regional convection permitting (CP) model in 2 different horizontal resolutions &amp;#8211; 8.8km and 4.4km &amp;#8211; are performed. &amp;#160; Results are compared with LST from Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite data and precipitation data from Global Precipitation Measurements (GPM). &amp;#160; Both global and regional models capture the main features though the convective initiation takes place much earlier in the models than in reality. &amp;#160; We notice that the representation of rivers and wetlands in the global model affects the spatial patterns of surface fluxes, in turn introducing biases into the forecast. &amp;#160; &amp;#160;Further comparison of surface fluxes in the ensemble simulations of these case studies with observed LST and SM illustrate the importance of land initialisation for short term forecasts.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

Characteristics and classifications of short-duration heavy precipitation in mesoscale system evolution

&lt;p&gt;As the grid resolution continues to increase, it is essential to utilize more data to describe the occurrence and evolution of mesoscale system more precisely. Based on Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS), NCEP reanalysis data (FNL) is used as the background field. By improving and developing LAPS, a high spatial-temporal resolution mesoscale data is generated and a sample database is established by fusing a variety of observation data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, the synoptic and physical variables that may affect the short- duration heavy precipitation are fully considered when establishing the diagnosis-statistical forecast model. After the calculation, three discriminant formulas of strong and weak precipitation, heavy precipitation classification &lt;strong&gt;I&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;II&lt;/strong&gt; are obtained.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, the grouping accuracy of the discriminant formula and &lt;strong&gt;T&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; score were calculated, and after the independent sample test and typical case test, it can be concluded that these discriminant formulas can be used to distinguish strong and weak precipitation and heavy precipitation classification.&lt;/p&gt;

Study of Pre-Monsoon Thunderstorms and Associated Thermodynamic Features Over Bangladesh Using WRF-ARW Model

Thunderstorm is a mesoscale system (from a km to below thousands of km and sustaining less than one hour). Two pre-monsoon thunderstorms events are analyzed in this study which are named as event-1 (0030-0150 UTC of 19 April 2018 over Chattogram) and event-2 (0600-1000 UTC of 4 May 2018 over Dhaka). To predict these events Mean Convective Available Potential Energy (mCAPE), Mean Convective Inhibition Energy (mCINE), K Index (KI), Total totals Index (TTI), wind distribution, and relative humidity (RH) are investigated.The model simulated mCAPE and mCINE values, 18 hours before the events, are found greater than 1700 J/Kg and less than 100 J/Kg respectively which satisfies the conditions for thunderstorms to occur.The KI values are close to 400C and TTI values are greater or equal to 450C for both events. The wind patterns and the high value of mid –tropospheric RH also favors the formation of severe thunderstorm. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 67(2): 151-156, 2019 (July)