The Capability to Make Ice from Sunlight Utilizing a New Absorption Unit of Nano-Coated Ammonia/Calcium Chloride

In southern Jordan, the ice machine was designed, produced, operated, and fully examined at Mutah University, a unique Nano-coated ammonium/calcium chloride absorption sun unit. Analytical and experimental assessments on the use of ammonia/calcium chloride absorption unit ice produced. The new study has decreased energy emission by the Nano ice-making company while enhancing Nano's ice machine's nuclear power compared to standard solar chiller absorption that is not used in the current research. Our case was the world's first research to examine the effect of a nanoparticle combination of paint on an absorption cooling system used to make ice by the sunlight. The result of the test was quite encouraging. The combination of paint and nanofluid particle materials has boosted the accessibility to sun-based cooling processes and their capability to make ice of absorption. In addition, 0.6 was found to be a pretty good COP for the ammonia/calcium chloride solar system of absorption.

Aldosterone Regulates Pendrin and Epithelial Sodium Channel Activity through Intercalated Cell Mineralocorticoid Receptor–Dependent and –Independent Mechanisms over a Wide Range in Serum Potassium

BackgroundAldosterone activates the intercalated cell mineralocorticoid receptor, which is enhanced with hypokalemia. Whether this receptor directly regulates the intercalated cell chloride/bicarbonate exchanger pendrin is unclear, as are potassium’s role in this response and the receptor’s effect on intercalated and principal cell function in the cortical collecting duct (CCD).MethodsWe measured CCD chloride absorption, transepithelial voltage, epithelial sodium channel activity, and pendrin abundance and subcellular distribution in wild-type and intercalated cell–specific mineralocorticoid receptor knockout mice. To determine if the receptor directly regulates pendrin, as well as the effect of serum aldosterone and potassium on this response, we measured pendrin label intensity and subcellular distribution in wild-type mice, knockout mice, and receptor-positive and receptor-negative intercalated cells from the same knockout mice.ResultsAblation of the intercalated cell mineralocorticoid receptor in CCDs from aldosterone-treated mice reduced chloride absorption and epithelial sodium channel activity, despite principal cell mineralocorticoid receptor expression in the knockout mice. With high circulating aldosterone, intercalated cell mineralocorticoid receptor gene ablation directly reduced pendrin’s relative abundance in the apical membrane region and pendrin abundance per cell whether serum potassium was high or low. Intercalated cell mineralocorticoid receptor ablation blunted, but did not eliminate, aldosterone’s effect on pendrin total and apical abundance and subcellular distribution.ConclusionsWith high circulating aldosterone, intercalated cell mineralocorticoid receptor ablation reduces chloride absorption in the CCD and indirectly reduces principal cell epithelial sodium channel abundance and function. This receptor directly regulates pendrin’s total abundance and its relative abundance in the apical membrane region over a wide range in serum potassium concentration. Aldosterone regulates pendrin through mechanisms both dependent and independent of the IC MR receptor.

Decreased SLC26A3 expression and function in intestinal epithelial cells in response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection

The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum (CP) causes cryptosporidiosis, a diarrheal disease worldwide. Infection in immunocompetent hosts typically results in acute, self-limiting, or recurrent diarrhea. However, in immunocompromised individuals infection can cause fulminant diarrhea, extraintestinal manifestations, and death. To date, the mechanisms underlying CP-induced diarrheal pathogenesis are poorly understood. Diarrheal diseases most commonly involve increased secretion and/or decreased absorption of fluid and electrolytes. We and others have previously shown impaired chloride absorption in infectious diarrhea due to dysregulation of SLC26A3 [downregulated in adenoma (DRA)], the human intestinal apical membrane Cl−/[Formula: see text] exchanger protein. However, there are no studies on the effects of CP infection on DRA activity. Therefore, we examined the expression and function of DRA in intestinal epithelial cells in response to CP infection in vitro and in vivo. CP infection (0.5 × 106 oocysts/well in 24-well plates, 24 h) of Caco-2 cell monolayers significantly decreased Cl−/[Formula: see text] exchange activity (measured as DIDS-sensitive 125I uptake) as well as DRA mRNA and protein levels. Substantial downregulation of DRA mRNA and protein was also observed following CP infection ex vivo in mouse enteroid-derived monolayers and in vivo in the ileal and jejunal mucosa of C57BL/6 mice for 24 h. However, at 48 h after infection in vivo, the effects on DRA mRNA and protein were attenuated and at 5 days after infection DRA returned to normal levels. Our results suggest that impaired chloride absorption due to downregulation of DRA could be one of the contributing factors to CP-induced acute, self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent hosts.

EVALUATION OF CHLORIDE ABSORPTION IN PRE-CONDITIONED CONCRETE CUBES

The chloride contamination will occur from an application of de-icing salts. It was confirmed that, the application of de-icing salts caused a significant reduction in structural and serviceability reliabilities. The chemicals used in the snow and ice control operations (de-icers) may cause corrosion damage to the transportation infrastructure such as reinforced/pre-stressed concrete structures/steel bridges. There are many ways to manage the corrosive effects of de-icers, such as selection of high-quality concrete, adequate concrete cover and alternative reinforcement, control of an ingress and accumulation of deleterious species, injection of beneficial species into concrete, and use of non-corrosive de-icer alternatives and optimal application rates. In fact, snow and ice on streets and highway are a major threat to human life and limb. Traffic accidents and fatalities climb as snow and ice reduce traction on roadways. Lengthened emergency response times create additional risks for persons in urgent need of medical care, particularly in cases of heart attacks, burns, childbirth and poisoning. Thus the de-icing salts are necessary to provide safe winter driving conditions and save lives by preventing the freezing of a layer of ice on concrete infrastructure. However, the safety and sense of comfort provided by these salts is not without a price, as these salts can greatly contribute to the degradation and decay of reinforced concrete transportation systems. An importance of chloride concentration as a durability-based material property has received greater attention only after the revelation that chloride-induced corrosion is the major problem for concrete durability. Therefore, there is a need to quantify the chloride concentration in concrete which is of paramount importance. The present research work was made an attempt to interpret the concrete chloride absorption in ordered to characterize the different concrete mixtures design for in case of pre-conditioned concrete cubes such as dry/fully/partially saturated condition which was salt ponded with chloride solution for about 160 days. Thus the objectives of this present research are such as: First, this research will examine an influence of conditioning such as dry/fully/partially saturated condition on the results of chloride absorption performed on concrete cubes with different mixtures proportion in which slump, and w/c ratio value was varied with constant compressive strength as in the First case and compressive strength, and w/c ratio value varied with constant slump as in the Second case. Seventy-two concrete cubes (100 mm3) with Grades of concrete ranges from 25 to 40 N/mm2 were prepared and evaluate the chloride absorption under different exposure condition. It’s concluded from the results that, in dry/saturated conditioned concrete cubes, the chloride absorption value was increased in all designed mixtures type. Similarly, average chloride absorption was decreased in solvent/water based impregnation DCC/PSC/FSC cubes as when compared to control DCC/PSC/FSC cubes for constant higher compressive strength and varied slump value as well as varied compressive strength and constant slump value. Whereas average chloride absorption was increased in solvent/ water based impregnation DCC/PSC/FSC cubes for lesser compressive strength and constant slump value as when compared to constant higher compressive strength and varied slump value and the chloride absorption was goes on decreases with an increased compressive strength and constant slump value.

Application of Two Different Methods for Determination of Water and Chloride Transport Parameters of Building Stones

The transport of 1M NaCl water solution in three different types of sandstones is studied For basic characterization of studied materials, their chemical composition, porosity, bulk density and matrix density are accessed. The chloride transport is analyzed using two different methods. In the first one, the chloride absorption coefficient is measured on the basis of a modified sorptivity concept. The second method consists in carrying out an inverse analysis of experimentally measured moisture and chloride concentration profiles, leading to the determination of chloride diffusion coefficient as a function of chloride concentration, and moisture diffusivity as a function of moisture content. The chloride transport properties obtained for the particular studied materials are compared and the observed differences are discussed.