Zinc Oxide Thin Film Morphology as Function of Substrate Position During Sputtering Process

Transparent conductive oxides are materials combining great transparency with high conductivity. In photovoltaic applications, they are developed under thin layer for the realization of upper electrodes of solar cells. Among transparent oxide materials, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) presents unique properties, starting with its first qualities to be abundant, low-cost and non-toxic oxide. Zinc Oxide thin film was deposited on rectangular glass substrate by magnetron sputtering. After an overview of the properties expected for good transparent conductive materials, the effect of distance from the center of the cell on the morphology of the film was investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The scanning was done on different area of the sample as function of the distance from the central position of the direct sputtering jet. As far as the distance increased, it has been noticed a quasi-linear increase in thickness of the ZnO deposited film and a change in the grain shape from spherical to pyramidal with an increase in the size of the particles. Controlling the sputtering distance allows the control of texture, thus of the Haze factor, the photo-generation of excitons, as well the optical transmission of the TCO layer and finally an improvement in the efficiency of the so-built photovoltaic cells.

Orchestration of D. L. Klebanov and V. M. Zolotukhin: a comparative analysis

Background. In the last two decades there was a constantly increasing scholar interest to Kharkiv school of composition as a phenomenon of Ukrainian musical culture. Despite this, a lot of unstudied questions remain, which need to be researched. This includes problems of orchestral thinking, orchestral style and orchestral writing of Kharkiv composers, particularly, D. Klebanov and V. Zolotukhin. The novelty lies in the systematization of the principles of orchestration in the symphonies of D. Klebanov (based on the symphonies 1, 3, 6, 7) and the First Symphony of V. Zolotukhin. Analysis of literature. Orchestral music of both composers is researched quite sporadically. Its several facets are studied in works by M. Cherkashyna (1968), I. Frumina (1969), O. Gusarova (1988), T. Krasnopolska (1964), Yu. Malysheva (1967), N. Ocheretovska (2007), Е. Ponomarenko (2005), O. Roschenko (2005; 2016), А. Zamotaylo (2001), O. Zinkevych (2005), I. Zolotovytska (1980), A. Dmitriyeva (2016). There is an article by H. Savchenko (2018), specially devoted to orchestration of D. Klebanov The goal of this article is to reveal the principles of orchestration in symphonies by D. Klebanov (No. 1, 3, 6, 7) and V. Zolotukhin (No. 1) in aspect of comparative analysis. In the article the author operates such methods of research as analytical, functional, and comparative. Conclusions. In results of studying of orchestral works by D. Klebanov and V. Zolotukhin (First Symphony) in aspects of orchestral thinking and principles of orchestration, we have reached the following conclusions: 1) both composers prefer a triple orchestra, which is quite flexible, in order to achieve full-bodied orchestral texture and be able to operate different timbral colours; 2) in the works of both composer, there is an inclination to equal understanding of orchestral groups, including percussion in the first Symphony by V. Zolotukhin; 3) in the vertical projection there is a differentiation of the groups through orchestral functions, which causes a great transparency of the score; 4) much more slow changes of type of a texture and timbral combinations in horizontal projection sets apart orchestration of V. Zolotukhin from orchestration of D. Klebanov; 5) overall, orchestration of V. Zolotukhin is more dense, filled with doubles, it is dominated by “large touch”, which causes continuity and smaller degree of detailing; 6) a special trait of orchestration of D. Klebanov is thinking by timbral and textural layers with obvious distinction of orchestral function between them. Inside of these layers there is an additional split of orchestral functions which causes rather rare usage of doubles between instruments of different orchestral groups. For V. Zolotukhin, thinking with clearly defined timbral and textural layers is characteristic, which tells about realisation of orchestral polyphonic thinking on the macro level or the whole texture; 7) in orchestration of both composers there is a tendency to colouring: in the First Symphony by V. Zolotukhin it is brighter and more robust due to usage of more diverse timbral palette (from piano harp, celesta to extended group of percussion).

LES ANNÉES 1980 OU LE TEMPS DE L”™INNOCENCE: un tournant sociétal dans l”™histoire du trafic de drogue au Mexique

Résumé : Cet article décrit une époque charniá¨re dans l”™histoire sociale et politique du négoce de la drogue au Mexique : les années 1980, temps de l”™engouement irréfléchi, tous milieux socioéconomiques confondus, pour les trafiquants de drogue, et une période de grande transparence des accointances d”™une partie de l”™élite au sein du crime organisé. L”™intérêt suscité par ses retombées financiá¨res se diffuse alors au sein de l”™État comme en dehors, et des liens institutionnels se doublent de relations d”™affaires, d”™amitié, d”™amour. L”™essor du trafic de la cocaá¯ne dans les années 1980 et les transformations sociales en lien avec la corruption qu”™il engendra sont appréhendés á travers les cheminements biographiques de plusieurs protagonistes. Je défends l”™idée que le mouvement vers l”™autonomie des trafiquants de drogue remonte á cette époque et qu”™il est corrélé á la densification du maillage des participations de prá¨s ou de loin á une activité qui devint alors plus que jamais collective.Mots-clés: Mondes du trafic de drogue. Société mexicaine. Ciudad Juárez.OS ANOS 1980 OU O TEMPO DA INOCáŠNCIA: uma virada societal na história do trafico de droga no México Resumo: Este artigo descreve uma época crucial na história social e polá­tica do negócio da droga no México: os anos 1980, tempo de um entusiasmo insano pelos traficantes de droga, vivido por diversos meios socioeconômicos, e um perá­odo de grande transparência dos vá­nculos de uma parte da elite com o crime organizado. O interesse despertado pelos benefá­cios financeiros, decorrentes desse negócio, se difunde dentro e fora do Estado, e algumas relações institucionais vêm acompanhadas de relações comerciais, de amizade, de amor. A expansão do tráfico de cocaá­na nos anos 1980 e as transformações sociais ligadas á corrupção que ele produzira são apreendidas através dos percursos biográficos de diversos protagonistas. Defendemos a ideia de que o movimento de autonomização dos traficantes de droga data dessa época e que ele é correlacionado á densificação da rede das participações, diretas ou indiretas, em uma atividade que se torna, mais do que nunca, coletiva.Palavras-chave: Mundos do Tráfico de Drogas. Sociedade Mexicana. Cidade Juárez.THE 1980s OR THE AGE OF INNOCENCE: a societal turning point in the history of drug trafficking in Mexico Abstract: This article describes a key moment in the sociopolitical history of drug trafficking in Mexico: the 1980s, a decade of heedless enthusiasm for drug traffickers ”“ regardless of socioeconomic background ”“ and a time when sections of the social, economic, political elites and organized crime intermingled with great transparency. Interest in the trade”™s financial benefits spread inside and outside of the state, and institutional links doubled as business ties, friendships, love affairs. The rise of cocaine trafficking in the 1980s and the social transformations brought about by the corruption it engendered are apprehended via the biographical journeys of several protagonists. The movement toward the autonomy of drug traffickers is traced back to this moment in time, and analyzed in correlation with the then growing network of participants, both direct and indirect, making drug trafficking an increasingly collective activity in Mexico.Keywords: Drug trafficking worlds. Mexican society. Ciudad Juárez.LOS Aá‘OS 1980 O EL TIEMPO DE LA INOCENCIA: un giro societal en la historia del tráfico de drogas en MéxicoResumen: Este artá­culo describe un momento clave en la historia social y polá­tica del negocio de las drogas en México: los años 1980. Fue la década del entusiasmo irreflexivo, en que participan todas las clases sociales, y cuando la interpenetración entre traficantes y una parte de la élite social, económica y polá­tica se da con mucha transparencia. El interés que sus repercusiones financieras despiertan se difunde tanto dentro como fuera del Estado, y a los vá­nculos institucionales se añaden asuntos de negocios y relaciones de amistad y amor. El auge del tráfico de cocaá­na en los años 1980 y las transformaciones sociales vinculadas con la corrupción generada por ese auge, son comprendidos a través de las secuencias biográficas de diversos protagonistas. Defendemos la idea de que el movimiento de autonomización de los traficantes de droga data de esa época y que está correlacionado con la densificación de la red de las participaciones, ya sea directa o indirectamente, en una actividad como nunca colectiva.Palabras clave: Mundos del tráfico de drogas. Sociedad mexicana. Ciudad Juárez.

Building Free Access to Law in Africa: Some Examples of Successful Projects

Ruth Ward explains how open access to legislation in Africa is a much more recent development than in the developed world. Several recently launched projects are well underway, and are contributing towards promoting justice and the rule of law in Africa. Access to legislation facilitates great transparency and access to the law for the promotion of trade and investment; and supports the resulting economic development on the continent. Several different approaches to establishing projects which deliver reliable consolidated access to legislation are illustrated, and show that successful projects can be established and maintained on modest budgets by very small teams.

On the ice, formed under peculiar circumstances, at the bottom of running water

The ice, which is frequently observed to collect at the bottom of streams and rivers, differs in appearance from that which is formed at the surface; for, instead of assuming the shape of solid glass like plates, it has more the appearance of aggregated masses of snow, and is composed of small crystals of ice adhering together irregularly, either by their sides or angles. Rivers are sometimes so choked up by accumulations of ground-ice of this description, that they are not only impeded in their course, but also raised considerably above their banks. While in this state, a slight change in the weather will frequently occasion the complete disengagement of this ice from the bottom; so that, in a very short space of time, the river returns into its natural channel; and then, although it may be frozen at the surface, it continues to flow over a perfectly clear bottom. All these phenomena are considered by the author as perfectly explicable on the theory he advances, of different degrees of radiation of heat occurring from the bottom according to variations of circumstances. He conceives that when this radiation takes place from the solid opake materials of the bed of the stream, through the stratum of transparent water, congelation is induced on that portion of fluid, already cooled down to the freezing-point, which is in immediate contact with the radiating body. The circumstances which, by favouring radiation, contribute to this effect, are, principally, great clearness of the sky, and great transparency of the water; the bottom of the river being cooled below the freezing-point sooner than the water which is flowing over it; and the ice, formed at the bottom, remaining attached to it, as long as the heat which is transmitted from below continues to be lost by radiation. The formation of ground-ice is favoured by the intestine motions incident to a rapid current; because the different strata of fluid, which in still water would have arranged themselves, according to their specific gravities, in the order most conducive to the congelation of the surface, being continually mixed together, the whole body of water is cooled more uniformly. The Society then adjourned over the Easter recess to meet again on the 30th instant.