<p>1,2-<i>trans</i>-Glycosides hydrolyze through a range of mechanisms under
conditions of different pH, but systematic studies are lacking. Here we report
the pH-rate constant profile for the hydrolysis of<i> </i>4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucoside.
An inverse kinetic isotope effect (<i>k</i>(H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>)/<i>k</i>(D<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>)
= 0.63) in the acidic region indicates that the mechanism requires the
formation of the conjugate acid of the substrate for the reaction to proceed,
with heterolytic cleavage of the glycosidic C-O bond. Reactions in the
pH-independent region extrapolated to zero buffer concentration show a small
inverse solvent isotope effect <i>k</i>(H<sub>2</sub>O)/<i>k</i>(D<sub>2</sub>O)
= 1.1 and a positive entropy of activation (D<i>S</i><sup>‡</sup> = 3.07 cal mol<sup>–1</sup>
K<sup>–1</sup>), which is
consistent with water attack through a dissociative mechanism. In the basic
region, solvolysis in <sup>18</sup>O-labelled water and H<sub>2</sub>O/MeOH
mixtures allowed detection of bimolecular hydrolysis and neighboring group participation,
and to a minor degree, nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Under mildly basic
conditions, a bimolecular dissociative mechanism is implicated through a
solvent isotope effect of <i>k</i>(HO<sup>-</sup>)/<i>k</i>(DO<sup>-</sup>) =
0.5 and a strongly negative entropy of activation (D<i>S</i><sup>‡</sup> = –13.6 cal mol<sup>–1</sup>
K<sup>–1</sup>). Finally, at high pH, an inverse solvent isotope effect of <i>k</i>(HO<sup>-</sup>)/<i>k</i>(DO<sup>-</sup>) = 0.6 and a weakly negative entropy of activation (D<i>S</i><sup>‡</sup> = –5.5 cal mol<sup>–1</sup> K<sup>–1</sup>)
indicates that the formation of 1,2-anhydrosugar is the rate determining step. <b></b></p>