Detección de déficits neuromusculares a través del análisis del patrón de salto y aterrizaje en deportistas adolescentes

El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue analizar el rendimiento de la técnica del salto y aterrizaje en deportistas adolescentes mediante la versión modificada del Tuck Jump Assessment (TJA). Como objetivo secundario se compararon los resultados obtenidos, según sexo. Se puntuó cada variable de la herramienta mediante el análisis en video de la prueba de los 75 participantes incluidos en el estudio. Las variables contempladas fueron la puntuación global del TJA y cada criterio del instrumento: 1) Valgo de la extremidad inferior en el aterrizaje; 2) Muslos no paralelos (punto máximo de salto); 3) Muslos no alineados durante la fase de vuelo; 4) Mala alineación de los pies con los hombros; 5) Posición de los pies no paralela (de la punta al talón); 6) Contacto desigual de los pies (aterrizaje asimétrico); 7) Demasiado ruido en el aterrizaje; 8) Pausa entre saltos; 9) La técnica empeora antes de los 10 segundos; 10) No aterriza en el mismo punto (salto consistente). Los valores promedios de la puntuación global de la versión modificada del TJA fueron 8,85±2,31 en el total de la muestra (8,85±2,63 hombres vs. 8,86±2,14 mujeres). Los resultados de la comparación según sexo indicaron diferencias significativas en el criterio 1 (χ2=10,288; p< 0,01), en el criterio 2 (χ2=20,788; p< 0,01), en el criterio 4 (χ2=22,587; p< 0,01) y en el criterio 10 (χ2=8,883; p< 0,01). En consecuencia, el análisis del patrón de salto y aterrizaje permite identificar alteraciones neuromusculares y biomecánicas del patrón de salto-aterrizaje. The main objective of the present study was to analyze the performance of the jump and landing technique in adolescent team sports athletes through the modified version of the Tuck Jump Assessment, (TJA). As a secondary objective, the results obtained were compared, according to sex. Each outcome measure of the tool was scored through video analysis of the test of the 75 participants included in the study. The main outcome measures were the total score of TJA and each of the ten items: Knee valgus at landing (1), thighs do not reach parallel (2), thighs not equal side-to-side (3), foot placement not shoulder width apart (4), foot placement not parallel (5), foot contact timing not equal (6), excessive landing contact noise (7), pause between jumps (8), technique declines prior to ten seconds (9), and does not land in the same footprint (10). The variables contemplated were the global score of the TJA and the ten criteria of the instrument. The average values of the global score of the modified version of the TJA were 8.85±2.31 in the total sample (8.85±2.63 men vs. 8.86±2.14 women). The results of the gender comparison indicated significant differences in item 1 (χ2=10,288; p< 0,01), item 2 (χ2=20,788; p<0,01), item 4 (χ2=22,587; p<0,01) and item 10 (χ2=8,883; p< 0,01). Consequently, the analysis of the jump and landing pattern makes it possible to identify neuromuscular and biomechanical alterations of the jump-landing pattern. O objetivo principal do presente estúdio fue analisar o rendimiento da técnica do salto e aterrissagem em deportistas adolescentes mediante a versão modificada do Tuck Jump Assessment (TJA). Como objetivo secundário se comparar os resultados obtidos, según sexo. Se puntuó cada variável do herramienta mediante a análise no vídeo da prueba dos 75 participantes incluidos no estudio. As variáveis contempladas na versão global do TJA e cada critério do instrumento: 1) Valgo de la extremidad inferior en el aterrizaje; 2) Muslos no paralelos (ponto máximo de salto); 3) Muslos no alineados durante la fase de vuelo; 4) Mala alineación de los pies con los hombros; 5) Posición de los pies no paralela (de la punta al talón); 6) Contacto desigual de los pies (aterrizaje asimétrico); 7) Demasiado ruido en el aterrizaje; 8) Pausa entre saltos; 9) La técnica empeora antes de los 10 segundos; 10) No aterriza en el mismo punto (salto consistente). Os valores prometidos da versão global modificada do TJA fueron 8,85 ± 2,31 no total da muestra (8,85 ± 2,63 hombres vs. 8,86 ± 2,14 mujeres). Os resultados da comparação segundo sexo indicaron diferencias relevantes no critério 1 (χ2 = 10.288; p <0,01), no critério 2 (χ2 = 20.788; p <0,01), no critério 4 (χ2 = 22.587 ; p <0,01) e o critério 10 (χ2 = 8.883; p <0,01). Na sequência, a análise do patrón de salto y aterrizaje permite identificar alterações neuromusculares y biomecánicas del patrón de salto-aterrizaje.

The utility of fine-needle aspiration cytology in differentiating granulomatous mastitis and tuberculous mastitis

Background: Tuberculous mastitis (TM) is a rare extrapulmonary presentation of tuberculosisaccounting for less than 1% of all diseases of the breast in the industrialized world. GranulomatousMastitis (GM) is an uncommon chronic inflammatory disease of the breast that almost always mimicscancer in young individuals, so it can be a diagnostic dilemma. Aims and objectives: The main aimof this study is to elucidate the utility of FNAC in differentiating granulomatous mastitis andtuberculous mastitis. Materials & Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted atthe department of pathology, Hindu Rao Hospital, Delhi. Cytology database was revealed for a periodof 4 years (2016-2019). The clinical details wherever available and cytological morphology ofindividual cases were noted and analysed. Results: In our study out of 20 cases 11 cases (55%)were found to be granulomatous mastitis and the other 9 cases (45%) were found to be tuberculousmastitis. All cases were of female patients only, with equal side distribution. In the cytologicalsmears of GM, three (27.3%) smears showed ductal epithelial cells, epithelioid cell granulomas wereseen in 11 (100%) cases and singly scattered epithelioid cells were seen in nine (81.8%) cases.Caseous necrosis was observed only in one case (9.09%) but necrotic material intermixed withdegenerated neutrophils and apoptotic bodies were seen in four cases (36.4%). Conclusion: FNACcan be an accurate method for differentiating tuberculous mastitis from granulomatous mastitis asper cytomorphological findings, along with confirmation by the demonstration of acid-fast bacilli andhence can help to decide the appropriate treatment protocols for such patients.

Deformed displacive halite crystals: Diagenetic or tectonic origin?

ABSTRACT Displacive halite crystals in fine-grained sediments are a common feature of evaporitic sequences worldwide. The crystal habit of halite precipitated from pure aqueous solution under laboratory conditions is a cube: equal side lengths (a = b = c) and rectangular angles (ab = bc = ac = 90°). Crystals with deformed-looking shape appear in mudstone of Permian evaporites of the Eastern Alps. They expose platy, rod-like, parallelepiped-like or rhomb-like shapes. The aim of the study was to explain the origin of these shapes. Samples were taken in the Altaussee, Berchtesgaden, and Hallstatt mines. Representative mudstone samples were scanned by high-resolution X-ray CT, and halite shapes were restored by 3D software. Additionally, 327 euhedral halite crystals were dissected from mudstone and subjected to individual shape analysis. Their sizes range from 3 to 30 mm in thirteen specimens. Crystals are compact, but a slightly platy preference prevails in all samples. Approximately 80% of all objects expose angles &gt; 1° deviating from the right angle, but only ∼ 15% contain angles &gt; 20°. The maximum deviation from the right angle was ca. 33°. Most objects combine a platy shape (a ≈ b ≠ c) with only one angle deviating from the right angle (2× 90°). The acute angle is preferably oriented parallel to the layering. We interpret a primary rectangular crystal growth to platy shapes in the mudstone (reduced fluid circulation). The displacive halite crystals subsequently deformed during compaction of the mudstone. Halite in deformed shapes was replaced by datable polyhalite ca. 15 My after deposition, which rules out deformation during Alpine tectonics.

Connection Between A Right Triangle And An Equal Side Triangle

There is some evidence that a right triangle and an equilateral triangle are related. Information about Pythagorean numbers is given. The geometric meaning of the relationship between right triangles and equilateral triangles is shown. The geometric meaning of the relationship between an equilateral triangle and an equilateral triangle is shown.

The Perception of Surface Folding in Static and Animated Displays

How do we interpret outline drawings of surfaces? Although pictorial depictions are projectively ambiguous, observers demonstrate definite preferences of interpretation. Additionally, they commit typical errors. A study is reported of one specific arrangement of surfaces as it is represented in outline drawings, namely the arrangement that results when two arbitrary surfaces are joined at a common edge to form an angle in 3-D (‘phenomenic folding’). With some of these arrangements, observers report that the angle formed by the two surfaces is zero (complete folding). With others, they report that the angles are greater than zero (incomplete folding). Both interpretations are actually valid. Several investigators have proposed that observer preferences such as these are due to a tendency to prefer a 3-D interpretation that will make the depicted 3-D shape regular. Three experiments were performed to test this regularisation hypothesis. In the first, observers were shown pairs of four-sided polygons joined at one equal side. Their task was to imagine how the smaller polygon could be folded completely towards the larger, and, subsequently, to report on its position after the folding (‘mental folding’). Reported positions were consistent with 3-D interpretations that caused figural regularisations. In the second and third experiments, observers were shown drawings of diamonds and parallelograms folded along a number of differently positioned and oriented segments (‘folding edge’). Their task was to estimate verbally the extent of the dihedral angle formed by the two surfaces. Results indicated that the perception of incomplete folding is determined by 3-D interpretation of the orientation of the drawing with respect to the picture plane. In a fourth experiment, observers were asked whether projective equivalences might be disambiguated by animating two kinds of displays that yield the ‘incomplete folding’ effect but that should be distinguishable on the basis of the trajectories of the vertexes of the folding parts. Results demonstrated that even in these conditions observers are unable to interpret the foldings correctly. These results might be taken to indicate that projective, static information leading to a simpler and more regular interpretation of the display can prevail over explicit motion information that should force the system to achieve a nonregular solution.

EFFECTS OF BREED AND SEX ON THE RELATIVE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF BONE IN PIGS

The growth and distribution of bone from 179 pig carcasses were compared among five breeds (Duroc × Yorkshire (D × Y), Hampshire × Yorkshire (H × Y), Yorkshire (Y × Y), Yorkshire × Lacombe-Yorkshire (Y × L-Y) and Lacombe × Yorkshire (L × Y)) and two sex-types (barrows and gilts) over a wide range in carcass weight. The growth pattern for each bone relative to total side bone was estimated from the growth coefficient, b, in the allometric equation (Y = aXb). Growth coefficients were homogeneous in this study among breeds and between sexes for each bone, indicating that the different breeds and sexes followed similar patterns of relative bone growth as they increased in size. The lowest growth coefficients (b < 1.0) were found among the limb bones (tarsus, femur, and radius/ulna). The thoracic vertebrae, carpus, tibia, humerus, sternum, pelvic and pectoral girdles had growth coefficients not significantly different from 1.0, while the ribs, lumbar and cervical vertebrae, patella and atlas had growth coefficients significantly greater than 1.0. Significant breed and sex differences were found in the weights of individual bones when adjusted to equal side bone weights. However, these were small and may reflect differences in stage of skeletal maturity.

EFFECTS OF BREED AND SEX ON THE RELATIVE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF BONE IN CATTLE

The relative growth and distribution of bone from 256 bovine carcasses were compared among three breed-types (British, up to 30% Charolais and 30–50% Charolais) and three "sexes" (heifers, steers and bulls) over a wide range in carcass weight. The growth pattern for each bone relative to total side bone was estimated from the growth coefficient, b, in the allometric equation (Y = aXb). Growth coefficients were homogeneous among both breed-types and sexes for each bone relative to total side bone, indicating that different breeds and sexes followed similar patterns of relative bone growth as they increased in size. The lowest growth coefficients in the carcass were found in the neck and limb bones all of which had growth coefficients significantly less than 1.0. The thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and the sternum had growth coefficients not significantly different from 1.0 and the ribs, pelvic and pectoral girdles had growth coefficients significantly greater than 1.0. Significant breed-type and "sex" differences were found in the weights of individual bones when adjusted to equal side bone weight. However, these were small and probably reflected differences in stage of maturity.