Measurement of the Beruforge 152DL thin-film lubricant using a developed thin-film thickness standard

Systematic deviations due to remaining lubricant on the workpiece have a significant influence on the measurement of sheet-bulk metal formed parts. The expected layer thickness for the workpieces after the forming process is less than 35 µm. For the determination of the refractive index of the lubricant and thus the effects of the lubricant on optical measurement techniques, a lubricant thin-film thickness standard was developed which represents a continuous measuring range from 6 to 100 µm. To determine the refractive index, the thin-film thickness standard was measured with a coaxial interferometric measurement system in various thickness ranges. Due to the knowledge of the optical and the geometrical path length, the refractive index can then be determined approximately. In addition, an XY stage was used to scan the entire thin-film area of the standard. The measurement setup in a temperature box allows for determining the effects of temperature changes on the optical properties of the lubricant.

Non-intrusive measurement of strip thickness and roll-bite length in metal rolling

It is important to monitor the rolled strip thickness standard to minimize material waste and loss of profit due to strip flatness defects, and also to maintain the product’s size and dimensional homogeneity. Several online measurement techniques are available but none of this can give an in situ measurement within the roll bite. Due to this, a novice experimental method utilizing ultrasonic reflection sensor mounted on one roll was developed for in situ measurement of strip thickness and roll-bite length during cold rolling process. A pitch–catch method was used whereby a piezoelectric element generated an ultrasonic pulse and transmitted to the contact interface evaluated on a pilot mill. The reflected signal was captured by a second piezoelectric element and analysed to determine the condition at the strip–roll interface. This approach was implemented on a pilot mill and reflections from various locations in the roll bite during the rolling were recorded. Recorded signals were used to estimate the rolled strip thickness and roll-bite length after the rolling process.

Impact of cirrus clouds heterogeneities on top-of-atmosphere thermal infrared radiation

This paper presents a study of the impact of cirrus cloud heterogeneities on the thermal infrared brightness temperatures at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). Realistic 3-D cirri are generated by a cloud generator based on simplified thermodynamic and dynamic equations and on the control of invariant scale properties. The 3-D thermal infrared radiative transfer is simulated with a Monte Carlo model for three typical spectral bands in the infrared atmospheric window. Comparisons of TOA brightness temperatures resulting from 1-D and 3-D radiative transfer show significant differences for optically thick cirrus (τ > 0.3 at 532 nm) and are mainly due to the plane-parallel approximation (PPA). At the spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km, two principal parameters control the heterogeneity effects on brightness temperatures: i) the optical thickness standard deviation inside the observation pixel, ii) the brightness temperature contrast between the top of the cirrus~and the clear-sky atmosphere. Furthermore, we show that the difference between 1-D and 3-D brightness temperatures increases with the zenith view angle from two to ten times between 0° and 60° due to the tilted independent pixel approximation (TIPA).

Impacts of cirrus clouds heterogeneities on TOA thermal infrared radiation

This paper presents a study on the impact of cirrus cloud heterogeneities on the thermal infrared brightness temperatures at the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA). Realistic 3-D cirrus are generated by a cloud generator based on simplified thermodynamic and dynamic equations and on the control of invariant scale properties. The 3-D thermal infrared radiative transfer is simulated with a Monte-Carlo model for three typical spectral bands in the infrared atmospheric window. Comparisons of TOA brightness temperatures resulting of 1-D and 3-D radiative transfer show significant differences for optically thick cirrus (τ > 0.3 at 532 nm) and are mainly due to the Plan-Parallel Approximation (PPA). At the spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km, two principal parameters control the heterogeneity effects on brightness temperatures: (i) the optical thickness standard deviation inside the observation pixel, (ii) the brightness temperatures contrast between the top of the cirrus and the clear sky atmosphere. Furthermore, we show that the difference between 1-D and 3-D brightness temperatures increases with the view zenith angle from two to ten times between 0° and 60° due to the Tilted Independant Pixel Approximation (TIPA).

Study on Aerosol Optics Thickness Retrieval over Chuxiong Prefecture from MODIS Image

The paper used 6S radiative transfer model to study aerosol optics thickness retrieval in Chuxiong prefecture with MODIS image on January 12th, 2008, the results showed that: the mean, the minimum, the maximum and standard deviation aerosol optics thickness were 0.115644, 0.075, 0.337 and 0.099680 in Chuxiong prefecture. Aerosol optics thickness of the east and south was higher, that of the north and central are low, especially west. Lufeng county, Shuangbai county and Wuding county were in the top three of the maximum aerosol optics thickness. Lufeng county, Shuangbai county and Yongren county were in the top three of mean aerosol optics thickness, Lufeng county, Shuangbai county and Yuanmou county were in the top three of aerosol optics thickness standard deviation.

Sand Bodies Quantitative Research from the Northern Putaohua Reservoir in Songliao Basin

Based on the data of core, well log, mud log and regional geology, the different type of sandbody was studied quantitatively on the northern Putaohua reservoir in Songliao basin by using the following indicators, they are average thickness, thickness standard deviation, thickness skewness, thickness peakedness, width, width to thickness ratio, length, length to thickness ratio, channel divaricating angle α, channel divaricating normal angle β. And then the sandbody distribution characteristics for different sedimentary face were studied in detail.

Morphological Study of Heat-Sensitive and Heat-Resistant Spores of Clostridium sporogenes, Using Transmission Electron Microscopy

To investigate the primary structural determinants affecting heat resistance of Clostridium sporogenes spores, electron micrographs of heat-sensitive (D121°C = 0.56 min) and heat-resistant (D121°C = 0.93 min) spores of C. sporogenes were taken with a transmission electron microscope. The mean thickness (± standard deviation [SD]) of coat layers and cortex regions of heat-sensitive spores were 82.9 ± 14.5 and 86.0 ± 22.7 nm, while those of heat-resistant spores were 106.9 ± 45.7 and 111.7 ± 32.1 nm, respectively. The thickness of coat (P = 0.031) and cortex (P = 0.006) showed statistically significant differences, suggesting that heat-resistant spores have a thicker coat and cortex than do heat-sensitive spores. The mean sizes (± SD) of cores were 467.0 ± 88.7 nm for heat-sensitive spores and 460.2 ± 98.5 nm for heat-resistant spores, respectively, which showed no statistically significant differences. The ratios (± SD) of the core size to the sporoplast size were 0.84 ± 0.05 for heat-sensitive spores and 0.80 ± 0.07 for heat-resistant spores, respectively, showing statistically significant differences (P = 0.030), which indicated that the ratio is negatively related to heat resistance. Accordingly, the structural components of heat-sensitive spores were severely damaged by heat treatment, whereas those of heat-resistant spores were unlysed under the same conditions. Based on the structural analyses of spores, it was elucidated that the thickness of coat layer and cortex region are significantly correlated with heat resistance of C. sporogenes spores, and that cortex region plays a major role in protecting the spore from heat damage.

Cone-Shaped Thickness Standard Made by Focused Ion Beam

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006