Preparation of ZrB2-MoSi2 high oxygen resistant coating using nonequilibrium state powders by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

To achieve high oxygen blocking structure of the ZrB2-MoSi2 coating applied on carbon structural material, ZrB2-MoSi2 coating was prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) method utilizing ZrB2-MoSi2 composite powders synthesized by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) technique as raw materials. The oxygen blocking mechanism of the ZrB2-MoSi2 coatings at 1973 K was investigated. Compared with commercial powders, the coatings prepared by SHS powders exhibited superior density and inferior oxidation activity, which significantly heightened the structural oxygen blocking ability of the coatings in the active oxidation stage, thus characterizing higher oxidation protection efficiency. The rise of MoSi2 content facilitated the dispersion of transition metal oxide nanocrystals (5–20 nm) in the SiO2 glass layer and conduced to the increasing viscosity, thus strengthening the inerting impact of the compound glass layer in the inert oxidation stage. Nevertheless, the ZrB2-40 vol%MoSi2 coating sample prepared by SHS powders presented the lowest oxygen permeability of 0.3% and carbon loss rate of 0.29×10−6 g·cm−2·s−1. Owing to the gradient oxygen partial pressure inside the coatings, the Si-depleted layer was developed under the compound glass layer, which brought about acute oxygen erosion.

New fluctuation theorems on Maxwell’s demon

With increasing interest in the control of systems at the nano- and mesoscopic scales, studies have been focused on the limit of the energy dissipation in an open system by refining the concept of the Maxwell’s demon. To uncover the underlying physical principle behind a system controlled by a demon, we prove a previously unexplored set of fluctuation theorems. These fluctuation theorems imply that there exists an intrinsic nonequilibrium state of the system, led by the nonnegative demon-induced dissipative information. A consequence of this analysis is that the bounds of both work and heat are tighter than the limits predicted by the Sagawa-Ueda theorem. We also suggest a possible experimental test of these work and heat bounds.

Game Analysis of Dynamic Planning Evolution for the Optimization of Community Governance Structure in Smart Cities

In this paper, we study the structural optimization of community governance in smart cities and optimize the structure based on the game analysis of dynamic planning evolution. Theoretically, the connotation and extension of the concept of “self-organization” are cleared, and the environment and conditions of community self-organization formation, the formation process of community self-organization, and the types of community self-organization are discussed. The so-called “self-organization” is a process of spontaneously moving from disorder to order, and the environment and conditions of community self-organization are mainly the openness, nonequilibrium state, and nonlinearity of the system. The key parameters of the contract with the change of the values of each factor make up for the inability to collect data for the empirical study in this paper; then, it presents four linear stages along with the cause such as self-creation, self-expansion, self-maintenance, and self-degeneration, respectively. The types of community self-organization mainly include community self-organization with random aggregation, socialized community self-organization, and stable community self-organization with autonomy orientation. By systematically sorting out the relationship between community self-organization and government, while confirming the positive significance of community self-organization to community cultural governance, various complex conflicts and game relationships will deeply affect the actual effectiveness of cultural governance and provide useful knowledge reference for future community cultural governance.

Polarization of Lyman-α Line Due to the Anisotropy of Electron Collisions in a Plasma

We have developed an atomic model for calculating the polarization state of the Lyman-α line in plasma caused by anisotropic electron collision excitations. The model assumes a nonequilibrium state of the electron temperature between the directions parallel (T‖) and perpendicular (T⊥) to the magnetic field. A simplified assumption on the formation of an excited state population in the model is justified by detailed analysis of population flows regarding the upper state of the Lyman-α transition with the help of collisional-radiative model calculations. Calculation results give the polarization degree of several percent under typical conditions in the edge region of a magnetically confined fusion plasma. It is also found that the relaxation of polarization due to collisional averaging among the magnetic sublevels is effective in the electron density region considered. An analysis of the experimental data measured in the Large Helical Device gives T⊥/T‖=7.6 at the expected Lyman-α emission location outside the confined region. The result is derived with the absolute polarization degree of 0.033, and T⊥=32 eV and ne=9.6×1018m−3 measured by the Thomson scattering diagnostic system.

Effective Mori-Zwanzig equation for the reduced-order modeling of stochastic systems

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>Built upon the hypoelliptic analysis of the effective Mori-Zwanzig (EMZ) equation for observables of stochastic dynamical systems, we show that the obtained semigroup estimates for the EMZ equation can be used to derive prior estimates of the observable statistics for systems in the equilibrium and nonequilibrium state. In addition, we introduce both first-principle and data-driven methods to approximate the EMZ memory kernel and prove the convergence of the data-driven parametrization schemes using the regularity estimate of the memory kernel. The analysis results are validated numerically via the Monte-Carlo simulation of the Langevin dynamics for a Fermi-Pasta-Ulam chain model. With the same example, we also show the effectiveness of the proposed memory kernel approximation methods.</p>

Granulomatosis as a component of proliferative reactions in the liver and pancreas after partial hepatectomy in the setting of superinvasive opisthorchiasis

Introduction. Opisthorchiasis on the territory of Russia has a predominantly superinvasive form, i.e., the disease in hyperendemic foci proceeds with more severe manifestations and structural changes in the parasite’s ecological niche (liver, pancreas). With superinvasive opisthorchiasis (SO) in humans and animals, granulomatous infl ammation with the formation of granulomas is observed. Aimoftheresearch. To reveal the features of the granulomatous process in the liver and pancreas after partial hepatectomy in the setting of superinvasive opisthorchiasis in Syrian hamsters. Materials and methods. Research animals were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n = 180) — SO modeling by introducing into the stomach of 50 Opisthorchis (O.) felineus metacercariae, superinvasions with 50 O. felineus metacercariae were repeated on the 6, 16th days after the primary infestation; group 2 (n = 86) — modeling of SO according to the same scheme as for group 1, and partial hepatectomy (PHE) (removal of the median lobe of an organ, 17.3–17.7% from its mass) on the 16th day after the last superinvasion. The animals were removed from the experiment on 7, 16th, 23rd, 32nd, 38, 120, 240th day. The study of liver and pancreas preparations was carried out using histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical methods. Results. The types, morphogenesis, course, outcomes of granulomas in the liver and pancreas were revealed. The factors of granuloma formation were the secretome, eggs and metabolites of O. felineus in both experimental groups. Conclusion. Granulomatosis in superinvasive opisthorchiasis, including after PHE, is an emergent state of the parasite-host system due to the accumulation of antigenic material in an amount exceeding the nonequilibrium state in this system. The regenerative process in the group of animals after PHE in the SO setting does not affect granulomatous infl ammation and the formation of granulomas.