Hippocampal Sclerosis in Pilocarpine Epilepsy: Survival of Peptide-Containing Neurons and Learning and Memory Disturbances in the Adult NMRI Strain Mouse

The present experiments reveal the alterations of the hippocampal neuronal populations in chronic epilepsy. The mice were injected with a single dose of pilocarpine. They had status epilepticus and spontaneously recurrent motor seizures. Three months after pilocarpine treatment, the animals were investigated with the Barnes maze to determine their learning and memory capabilities. Their hippocampi were analyzed 2 weeks later (at 3.5 months) with standard immunohistochemical methods and cell counting. Every animal displayed hippocampal sclerosis. The neuronal loss was evaluated with neuronal-N immunostaining, and the activation of the microglia was measured with Iba1 immunohistochemistry. The neuropeptide Y, parvalbumin, and calretinin immunoreactive structures were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed in the hippocampal formation. The results were compared statistically to the results of the control mice. We detected neuronal loss and strongly activated microglia populations. Neuropeptide Y was significantly upregulated in the sprouting axons. The number of parvalbumin- and calretinin-containing interneurons decreased significantly in the Ammon’s horn and dentate gyrus. The epileptic animals displayed significantly worse learning and memory functions. We concluded that degeneration of the principal neurons, a numerical decrease of PV-containing GABAergic neurons, and strong peptidergic axonal sprouting were responsible for the loss of the hippocampal learning and memory functions.

Effect of Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles on Liver Morphology of Rats in Parenteral Administration

The issue of the potential safety of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SDNPs) remains relevant. In this connection, in order to use the unique capabilities of silicon nanostructures for biomedical purposes, as well as to level their toxic effects, a detailed study of these nanoparticles interaction with cells and tissues in vivo is required.The aim of the research is to reveal morphofunctional changes in a rat's liver after a single parenteral administration of 12 nm silicon dioxide nanoparticles for the period of six months.Material and methods. Using general histological and immunohistochemical methods to study the rats' liver after a single parenteral administration of 1 ml of silicon dioxide nanoparticles at a dose of 7 mg/kg of body weight at a concentration of 2 mg/ml. The sections of the rats' liver were studied by general histological and immunohistochemical methods after injection of 1mL of a SDNPs saline suspension at a concentration of 2 mg/mL (7mg/kg of body weight). Control animals were injected with 1 ml of saline solution. The material was collected in 21 days, 2, 4 and 6 months months after the administration of the SDNPs and it was fixed in 10% neutral formaldehyde.Results. The formation of granulomas in the liver on the 21st day of the experiment and an increase in the number of Kupfer cells were revealed. However, by the 2nd month of the experiment, the number of granulomas significantly decreases compared to the 21st day of the experiment and continues to decrease in subsequent periods. The average size of granulomas decreases during the 2nd month of the experiment and does not change during the subsequent periods of the experiment. After 6 months of the experiment, the morphofunctional state of the liver is characterized by slightly pronounced aseptic inflammation.Conclusion. A single parenteral administration of silicon dioxide nanoparticles causes pronounced aseptic inflammation of the liver, decreasing by the 6th month of the experiment. Connective tissue remodeling in the liver is not observed at all periods of the experiment.

Cervical Carcinoma: Oncobiology and Biomarkers

Cervical cancer is one of the most common types of carcinomas causing morbidity and mortality in women in all countries of the world. At the moment, the oncology, oncobiology, and oncomorphology of cervical cancer are characterized by the accumulation of new information; various molecular biological, genetic, and immunohistochemical methods of investigation of the mechanisms of cervical carcinogenesis are tested and applied; targeted antitumour drugs and diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers are being searched for. Many issues of the etiopathogenesis of cervical cancer have not been sufficiently studied, and the role of many biomarkers characterizing various stages of cervical carcinogenesis remains unclear. Therefore, the target of this review is to systematize and understand several problems in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer and to evaluate the significance and role of biomarkers in cervical carcinogenesis.

Neuropathological Changes in the Brains of Suicide Killers

Background: Homicide combined with subsequent suicide of the perpetrator is a particular form of interpersonal violence and, at the same time, a manifestation of extreme aggression directed against oneself. Despite the relatively well-described individual acts of homicide and suicide, both in terms of psychopathology and law, acts of homicide and subsequent suicide committed by the same person are not well-studied phenomena. The importance of emotional factors, including the influence of mental state deviations (psychopathology), on this phenomenon, is discussed in the literature, but still there is relatively little data with which to attempt neuropathological assessments of the brains of suicide killers. This paper is dedicated to the issue based on the neuropathological studies performed. Methods: We analyzed a group of murder–suicides using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Results: The results of our research indicate the presence of neurodegenerative changes including multiple deposits of ß-amyloid in the form of senile/amyloid plaques and perivascular diffuse plaques. Conclusions: Neurodegenerative changes found in the analyzed brains of suicide killers may provide an interesting starting point for a number of analyses. The presence of neurodegenerative changes at such a young age in some murderers may suggest preclinical lesions that affect cognitive functions and are associated with depressed moods.

Complicated aneurysmal bone cyst of the paranasal sinuses in a 9-year-old child

Objective. To analyze a rare clinical case of the aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) of the paranasal sinuses in a 9-year-old patient.Materials and methods. We studied the data of the anamnesis, diagnostic and treatment methods contained in the medical history of the inpatient. We examined the patient and kept her under clinical observation during the process of the examination and treatment.Results. The fnal diagnosis of the ABC of the paranasal sinuses in the 9-year-old patient was verifed after the obtainment of the results of the performed clinical and morphological studies. The neoplasm was surgically removed. One year after the surgery, the MRI investigation showed no relapse. The child is in a fair condition.Conclusion. To diagnose an ABC, it is required to perform a histological examination of the tumor including the use of immunohistochemical methods.

Pathomorphological evaluation of hepatobiliary lesions in dogs and cats of Ankara region

The objective of this study was to investigate pathological disorders of the hepatobiliary system in dogs and cats in Ankara using pathomorphological methods, and to determine the types and frequency of the observed lesions. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate hepatic reparation as a reaction of the liver to injury with different hepatobiliary lesions using immunohistochemical methods. Livers obtained from 56 cats and 74 dogs submitted for post-mortem investigation were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Samples with hepatic fibrosis were stained immunohistochemically with an α-SMA antibody. Lesions were found in 98% of the livers of the examined dogs and cats. The most common histopathological diagnoses were hepatitis (39.28%), hepatocellular lipidosis (16.07%), and cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis (14.28%) in cats. In dogs they were hepatitis (28.38%), passive congestion (25.68%) and proliferative lesions (21.62%). For some hepatobiliary lesions, breed, age and gender predispositions were observed. Immunohistochemically, the α-SMA antibody positively stained parenchymal, portal and septal myofibroblasts. A positive correlation was verified between immunohistochemical α-SMA scores and histochemical fibrosis scores. This is the first study in Turkey documenting both the incidence of hepatobiliary lesions among feline and canine species, and their pathomorphological features. In terms of reparation, the major role of the hepatic myofibroblasts in liver fibrosis was observed. There were variations in the intensity and location of positively stained cells according to the type of lesion. The conclusion of this research indicates the need to pay attention to certain hepatic lesions in dogs and cats, and provides a reference standard for further clinical and histopathological studies.

Primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma in the practice of a dermatologist: A case report

The article demonstrates a case of diagnosis of a rare variant of primary skin lymphoma, namely of primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma with an indolent course. The diagnosis of SMPTCL is based on the combination of the clinical picture, histological and immunomorphological data. A 70-year-old patient presented at the clinic with complaints about tumor-like formations on the skin of the face and back accompanied by moderate itching. The diagnosis was verified by pathomorphological and immunohistochemical studies of the biopsy of the affected skin. The presented clinical case emphasizes the importance of doctors’ clinical oncological alertness and the need for clinical and laboratory examination of the patient using modern histological and immunohistochemical methods for studying the skin biopsy.

Novel Prognostic Immunohistochemical Markers in Uveal Melanoma-Literature Review

Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular neoplasm in adults. As there are currently no effective methods of treating the disease in the metastatic stage, there is a need to search for new prognostic factors that would enable a reliable assessment of the patient’s condition and constitute a possible therapeutic target. In this review, we have prepared the results of English-language studies on new prognostic factors determined with immunohistochemical methods. We found 64 articles in which the expression of various proteins was associated in a statistically significant manner with the histopathological and clinical prognostic factors identified by AJCC. The results of our work clearly show that the biology of uveal melanoma is extraordinarily complex. Numerous studies have shed new light on the complexity of the processes involved in the development of this cancer. Moreover, a careful analysis of the expression of individual proteins may allow the identification of homogeneous groups of patients requiring different treatment regimens.

Ichthyoses—A Clinical and Pathological Spectrum from Heterogeneous Cornification Disorders to Inflammation

Ichthyoses are inborn keratinization disorders affecting the skin only (non-syndromic) or are associated with diseases of internal organs (syndromic). In newborns, they can be life-threatening. The identification of the gene defects resulted in reclassification and a better understanding of the pathophysiology. Histopathologic patterns include orthohyperkeratosis with a reduced or well-developed stratum granulosum, hyperkeratosis with ortho- and parakeratosis with preserved or prominent stratum granulosum, and epidermolytic ichthyosis. Another pattern features “perinuclear vacuoles and binucleated keratinocytes”, which is associated with keratin mutations. Some ichthyoses are histologically defined by psoriasis-like features, and distinct subtypes show follicular hyperkeratosis. In addition to histological and immunohistochemical methods, these patterns allow a better histopathologic diagnosis.

Apoptosis-Inducing Factor, Protein Expression, and Apoptosis Changes with Glutamine in Podocytes Cells Exposed with Cisplatin

Cisplatin is a well-known chemotherapeutic drug. It is one of the most effective anticancer agents and is widely used for the treatment of several types of tumors. However, side effects in normal tissues and organs, such as nephrotoxicity that induces apoptosis in epithelial cells in the kidney, limit the use of cisplatin. Glutamine is a substrate for the synthesis of glutathione as an antioxidant and promotes HSP70 release, protecting cells from apoptosis induced by different stimuli. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of glutamine on cisplatin nephrotoxicity in the kidney. Mice were divided into three groups such as a group of control (P0), a group of intraperitoneal injection of a single dose cisplatin 20 mg/kg BW at 7th day (P1), and a group of intravenous glutamine injection 100 mg/kg BW at days 1–7 and given an intraperitoneal injection of single dose cisplatin 20 mg/kg BW at 7th day (P2). Measurement of AIF expression and apoptotic cells was carried out by immunohistochemical methods. The number of AIF expressions and apoptotic cells is expressed in the Allred score. AIF expression result is as follows: P0: 3.29 ± 0.79, P1: 5.32 ± 0.68, and P2: 4.49 ± 0.47. Apoptosis result is as follows: P0: 3.04 ± 0.70, P1: 5.26 ± 0.53, and P2: 4.44 ± 0.41. There is a decreased expression of AIF on intravenous glutamine administration, followed by a decrease in apoptosis in the podocyte. In conclusion, glutamine administration might represent the treatment of nephrotoxic-induced cisplatin.