PC Problems

This chapter provides grounds for thinking that PC is insufficient even as a theory of non-inferential justification. Two primary problems are raised for PC. First, PC needs an account of epistemic defeat. PC includes a “no-defeater” condition. However, it is shown that once one tries to get clear on the nature of defeat and how defeaters work within the framework of PC, it becomes apparent that one needs to appeal to something more than just the comparative strength of various seemings. Second, it is argued that PC falls prey to the problem of reflective awareness. If one reflects on one’s seemings, one’s justification deriving solely from them is destroyed. So, it seems that satisfying some condition other than PC is required for reflective agents to have stable non-inferential justification. It is also shown, however, that an unexpected consequence of the problem of reflective awareness is that PC is not really subject to bootstrapping problems.

Weaving theory and practice: Design discourses, exchanges, and processes

Theory and practice are often seen in opposition with one another in some architectural dialogues, despite their significant transformative capabilities. The first issue of ARSNET aims to dissolve such opposing relation by exploring how theory and practice weave and intersect in various architectural design inquiries. The articles in this issue investigate how the entanglements of theory and practice enable a precise reading of the contours of design knowledge, expand the interpretation of architectural spatialities, and drive a reflective awareness towards the progression of design processes.

Business Ethics Decision-Making: Examining Partial Reflective Awareness

The aim of this research was to examine partial reflective awareness in ethical business choices in Croatia. The ethical decision-making is interlinked with sustainable practices, but it is also its prerequisite. Thus, better understanding of business ethics decision-making provides a basis for designing and implementing sustainability in a corporate setting. The research was done on student populations who will soon carry important roles and make important decisions for individuals, organizations, and society. The field research was conducted using Kohlberg’s scenarios. The results reveal that the process of decision-making goes through the lenses of respondents’ own preferred ethics. However, the reflective awareness of respondents’ preferred ethics is skewed and regularities in that deviations point out to the relevance of the context characteristics and arousal factors. In addition, the individuals do not use all available information in the assessment process. The revealed partial reflective awareness contributes to explanation of why people have problems with justifying their choices. As there are many examples of unethical behavior in the environment that remain unpunished, it is necessary to raise awareness of the issue. Improvement in reflective awareness would contribute to more sustainable ethical choices and reveal a possibility of an intervention design within the higher education framework.

Reflecting on Mistakes in Practice among Social Workers in China

Reflection is widely practiced in human service professions, but little research has examined whether reflection actually translates into action and, if so, how. This article explores the possibilities and limits of reflective practice by drawing on data collected through reflective interviews with fifteen Chinese social workers on mistakes in practice. The findings demonstrate that social workers in China are aware of being reflective, even critically reflective, by pondering mistakes and failures they have encountered. Their reflections, however, do not extend to future action plans. Rather, they prefer to rely on manual-based knowledge providing explicit guidance, reflecting their developing reflective capacity and low professional identity. The article argues that social workers’ reflective awareness needs to be built up, while fully recognising the limits of reflection. To address mistakes, not only do we need to create opportunities for practitioners to reflect, but also to address the risk-management strategies of social work organisations and the independent roles that should be performed by professional social work associations in Mainland China.

胡直心學的淵源與發展

<p>胡直一生中追隨過歐陽南野與羅念菴兩位老師，這兩位老師的思想大有不同，前者能肯定良知的明覺、見在之意，後者卻重於收攝保聚之功。本文的目的就在於探究胡直的天則、靈覺、萬物一體、心造天地萬物和博文約禮等義理，以見他的思想較接近哪位老師。通過本文的討論，我們發現胡直的靈覺、心覺等說，幾乎完全看不到歸寂派的收攝、收斂的模式，反倒他是一種當下即是的逆覺型態，這就相當於「悟本體即工夫」。如此說來，他離開了歸寂派的「由工夫以悟本體」之模式，而是能直承於王陽明的良知之教。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>Chih Hu, throughout his life, has followed two mentors, Nan-ye Ouyang and Hong-xian Luo, who showed different thoughts. The former recognized awareness and existence of conscience, whereas the latter emphasized the practice of convergence and retention of mind. This paper explores Chih Hu’s argumentation such as heavenly rule, spiritual awareness, all beings as unity, all beings created by mind and knowledge and rituals to recognize the mentor with similar thoughts. This paper suggests that Chih Hu’s spiritual awareness and philosophy of mind rarely reveal convergence model of tranquility school. However, he shows reflective awareness of the present. It is similar to &quot;comprehension of ontology as practice&quot;. In other words, he deviated from &quot;comprehension of ontology by practice&quot; of tranquility school and succeeded philosophy of conscience of Yang-ming Wang. </p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Increased absorption in autonomous sensory meridian response

Background Autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) is a cross-sensory phenomenon characterised by a static-like sensation which typically originates on the scalp and spreads throughout the body leading to a state of deep relaxation. It can be triggered by visual and auditory stimuli in real life, incidentally by various media and via intentionally created ASMR videos. Previously ASMR has been linked to a specific personality profile and this study aimed to further elucidate individual differences associated with this phenomenon. Methods To this effect ASMR-Experiencers and age and gender matched controls were compared on measures of flow, absorption and mindfulness. Results This revealed that ASMR was associated with elevated absorption but no group differences were found with respect to the other constructs, suggesting that the ability to get deeply immersed with the current experience accompanied by loss of reflective awareness may be an important factor contributing to the experience of ASMR.

Self-Concept Clarity and the Bodily Self: Malleability Across Modalities

The self has fascinated scholars for centuries. Although theory suggests that the self-concept (cognitive self-understanding) and bodily self (pre-reflective awareness of one’s body) are related, little work has examined this notion. To this end, in Study 1, participants reported on self-concept clarity (SCC) and completed the rubber hand illusion (RHI), a paradigm in which synchronous (vs. asynchronous) stimulation between a prosthetic hand and one’s own hand leads one to “embody” the prosthetic hand. Whereas participants were equally susceptible to the RHI during synchronous stroking, low-SCC individuals were more vulnerable to the illusion during asynchronous stroking, when the effect is unwarranted. Conceptually replicating and extending this finding, in Study 2, low-SCC individuals were more susceptible to the body-swap illusion—the impression that another person’s body is one’s own. These findings suggest that a clear sense of self implies clarity and stability of both the self-concept and the bodily self.