177 Effect of supplementing a fatty acid-based product, Monomix, or pharmacological levels of zinc oxide on growth performance of nursery pigs

Trials suggest short and medium chain fatty acids can be used as alternatives for ZnO; however, US studies are limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a short and medium chain fatty acid product (Monomix, Quality Technology International, Inc., Elgin, IL) added alone or in combination with pharmacological levels of ZnO on nursery pig performance. A total of 354 pigs (DNA 200×400, initial BW=5.9 kg) were randomized to pens (5 pigs/pen) and pens were allotted to 1 of 4 treatments with 18 replicates/treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of added ZnO (0 vs. 3,000/2,000/0 ppm of Zn in phases 1, 2, and 3 respectively) and Monomix (0 vs. 0.4% in phases 1, 2, and 3). Treatment diets were formulated in three phases fed from d 0 to 7, 7 to 18, and 18 to 35 post-weaning with all diets containing 110 ppm Zn from the trace mineral premix. Data were analyzed as completely randomized design using the PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. No ZnO × Monomix interactions (P=0.399) were observed. Feeding Monomix decreased ADFI (P=0.002) and ADG (P=0.012) from d 0 to 7, resulting in decreased d 7 BW (P=0.015) but there was no evidence for other differences. Feeding ZnO from d 0 to 7 and 7 to 18,increased ADG (P< 0.001), ADFI, and BW, and improved G:F. Overall from d 0 to 35, pigs fed diets with added ZnO in phases 1 and 2 had increased (P< 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and d 35 BW, with no evidence for differences in performance in pigs fed diets with Monomix. The addition of Monomix failed to improve pig performance, whereas pharmacological levels of ZnO improved ADG and ADFI.

Description of a new member of the family Erysipelotrichaceae: Dakotella fusiforme gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from healthy human feces

A Gram-positive, non-motile, rod-shaped facultative anaerobic bacterial strain SG502T was isolated from healthy human fecal samples in Brookings, SD, USA. The comparison of the 16S rRNA gene placed the strain within the family Erysipelotrichaceae. Within this family, Clostridium innocuum ATCC 14501T, Longicatena caecimuris strain PG-426-CC-2, Eubacterium dolichum DSM 3991T and E. tortuosum DSM 3987T(=ATCC 25548T) were its closest taxa with 95.28%, 94.17%, 93.25%, and 92.75% 16S rRNA sequence identities respectively. The strain SG502T placed itself close to C. innocuum in the 16S rRNA phylogeny. The members of genus Clostridium within family Erysipelotrichaceae was proposed to be reassigned to genus Erysipelatoclostridium to resolve the misclassification of genus Clostridium. Therefore, C. innocuum was also classified into this genus temporarily with the need to reclassify it in the future because of its difference in genomic properties. Similarly, genome sequencing of the strain and comparison with its 16S phylogenetic members and proposed members of the genus Erysipelatoclostridium, SG502T warranted a separate genus even though its 16S rRNA similarity was >95% when comapred to C. innocuum. The strain was 71.8% similar at ANI, 19.8% [17.4–22.2%] at dDDH and 69.65% similar at AAI to its closest neighbor C. innocuum. The genome size was nearly 2,683,792 bp with 32.88 mol% G+C content, which is about half the size of C. innocuum genome and the G+C content revealed 10 mol% difference. Phenotypically, the optimal growth temperature and pH for the strain SG502T were 37 °C and 7.0 respectively. Acetate was the major short-chain fatty acid product of the strain when grown in BHI-M medium. The major cellular fatty acids produced were C18:1ω9c, C18:0and C16:0. Thus, based on the polyphasic analysis, for the type strain SG502T (=DSM 107282T= CCOS 1889T), the name Dakotella fusiforme gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed.

Description of a new member of the family Erysipelotrichaceae: Clostridium fusiformis sp. nov., isolated from healthy human feces

ABSTRACTA Gram-positive, non-motile, rod-shaped facultative anaerobic bacterial strain SG502T was isolated from the healthy human fecal samples in Brookings, SD, USA. The comparison of the 16S rRNA gene placed the strain within the Clostridium cluster XVI, where, Clostridium innocuum ATCC 14501T, Longicatena caecimuris strain PG-426-CC-2, Eubacterium dolichum DSM 3991T and Eubacterium tortuosum DSM 3987T were its closest taxa with 95.15%, 94.49%, 93.28%, and 93.20% sequence identities respectively. The optimal growth temperature and pH for the strain SG502T were 37°C and 7.0 respectively. Acetate was the major short-chain fatty acid product of the strain SG502T when grown in BHI-M medium. The major cellular fatty acids produced by the strain SG502T were C18:1 ω9c, C18:0 and C16:0. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 34.34 mol%. The average nucleotide identity of the genome of the strain SG502T and its closest neighbor C. innocuum ATCC 14501T was 63.48%. Based on the polyphasic analysis, the type strain SG502T (=DSM 107282T), represents a novel species of the genus Clostridium for which the name Clostridium fusiformis sp. nov. is proposed.

Glucose-stimulated acrolein production from unsaturated fatty acids

Glucose auto-oxidation may be a significant source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and also be important in the lipid peroxidation process, accompanied by the release of toxic reactive products. We wanted to demonstrate that acrolein can be formed directly and actively from free fatty acids in a hyperglycemic environment. A suspension of linoleic and arachidonic acids (2.5 mM) was exposed to different glucose concentrations (5, 10 and 15 mmol/L) in vitro. The samples were extracted with organic solvents, partitioned, followed at 255 / 267 nm, and analysed using capillary electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy. The total release of aldehydes significantly (P ≤ 0.01) increased from 1.0 to 5.1, 8.3 and 13.1 μmol/L after 6 hours of incubation, proportional to glucose concentrations. It was possible to verify a correlate hydroperoxide formation as well. Among the lipid peroxidation products, acrolein (5% of total) and its condensing product, 4-hydroxy-hexenal, were identified. From the results presented here, it was possible to demonstrate the production of acrolein, probably as a fatty acid product, due to free radicals generated from the glucose auto-oxidation process. The results led us to propose that acrolein, which is one of the most toxic aldehydes, is produced during hyperglycemic states, and may lead to tissue injury, as one of the initial problems to be linked to high levels of glucose in vivo.