Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis Disease (Review Article)

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, in which the myelin sheaths got injured. The prevalence of MS is on grow, as well as, it affects the young ages. Females are most common to have MS compared to males. Oxidative stress is the situation of imbalance between oxidants (free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS)) and antioxidants in a living system, in which either the oxidants are elevated or antioxidants are reduced, or sometimes both. ROS and oxidative stress have been implicated in the progression of many degenerative diseases, which is important in cracking the unrevealed mysteries of MS. In this review article, some of the proposed mechanisms that link oxidative stress with MS disease would be described. Keywords: Oxidative stress, ROS, multiple sclerosis, antioxidants

Correlation of Oxidative Stress and Hepatoprivial Syndrome in Dogs with Comorbidity of Babesiosis and Dirofilariasis

The comorbidity of babesiosis and dirofilariasis in dogs is an important clinical problem, despite the significant achievements of recent years in understanding the pathogenesis of this mixed invasion. It has been established that the leading pathogenetic component in the development of the cytolytic syndrome with this comorbidity in dogs is oxidative stress resulting from the mismatch of the prooxidant and antioxidant resources of the cell under the influence of Babesia canis parasitism. On the basis of morphological, biochemical and ultrasonographic studies, a direct correlation was found between oxidative stress and hepatoprivial syndrome in dogs with comorbidity of babesiosis and dirofilariasis. Hepatoprivial syndrome was accompanied by the development of hypochromic anaemia, leukocytosis, hyperproteinemia, hypoglycemia, a disorder of pigment metabolism and an increase in the catalytic activity of serum enzymes, which indicated a violation of the metabolic activity of the liver and damage to its parenchyma. The activation of lipid peroxidation processes in the hepatocytes contributed to an increase in the catalytic activity of the blood serum enzymes in sick animals, and to a decrease in the antioxidant defence of sick dogs, due to a relative decrease in the level of vitamin A in the blood. Thus, the comorbidity of babesiosis and dirofilariasis in dogs enhances the oxidative syndrome that underlies the pathogenetic mechanisms of this mixed invasion, thereby increasing the degree of involvement in the pathological process of the liver, which is manifested by hepatoprivial syndrome. Keywords: oxidative stress, hepatoprivial syndrome, dirofilariasis, babesiosis, mixtinvasion, dogs

Impact of Varying Herbicide Contaminated Soil on Biomarkers of Achatina achatina

Soil microrganisms or faunas play vital roles in biogeochemical cycles which maintain the state of equilibrium of mineral elements in soil ecosystem as well as impacting on its texture and structure in otherward productivity. The impact of herbicides on biological population of soil samples spiked with various herbicides such as: dragon (paraquat) dichloride, Action 40 (Dimethoate), Vanish (Glyphosate). Buta force (Butachlor) and Amino force (2, 4-D amine 720G/L) were investigated. The soils were spiked with 10% of the herbicides, incubated for 4weeks and the oxidative stress as well as the acetylcholinesterase activity of soil faunas used as biomonitors. There was a progressive increase of lipid peroxidation in achatina achatina with vanish having the highest level of malondialdehyde (5.12 mg.dl) and dragon herbicides with the lowest levels on the second week (2.67 mg/dl). The sample contaminated with amino force herbicide had the least impact on glutathione levels (1.66 mg/dl) while the dragon herbicide depleted more of the glutathione levels (1.31 mg/dl). The Achatina achatina incubated with the soil sample spiked with vanish registered the highest catalase activity (6.2 1U/L) while action 40 recorded 3.9 IU/L as the least activity. Acetylcholineesterase activity seen in Achatina achatina incubated with soil sample 4(vanish) was inhibited beyond all other samples with 0.169 IU g protein-1 as the least value with the exception of amino force that depreciated to 0.108 IU g protein-1on the third week. This study reveals how detrimental these herbicides can be to achatina achatina which counsels the farmers on their selectivity for agricultural purposes. Keywords: oxidative stress, acetylcholinesterase, herbicides, biomarkers, activity.

Green Tea (EGCG) Decreases Malondialdehide in Oxidative Stress Exposure to Psychological Stress

Exposure to psychological stress can cause oxidative stress. Provision of exogenous antioxidants is expected to reduce the occurrence of oxidative stress. Green tea with its active ingredient Epigalocatechin Galat is considered to reduce the occurrence of oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to examine the administration of green tea (EGCG) on the effect decreasing MDA levels against Wistar Strain (Rattus norvegicus) white rats exposed to psychological stress; with Randomized Post Test design of only group design by grouping into 5 groups, with control group and treatment group. Administration of steeping green tea (EGCG) with a single dose. To find out the significant influence of the independent variable on a set of variable group tested Manova. Post hoc testing using LSD (Least Significance Different) was performed to see significant differences between groups. In this study, obtained MDA data with significant decrease at the 6th hours after consum EGCG. Keywords: oxidative stress; green tea, EGCG, malondialdehide

Topical applied nutraceutical antioxidant formulation reduces ocular oxidative stress

Background: Oral nutraceutical antioxidants have shown disappointing clinical results in reducing oxidation-induced age-related cataract and other ocular diseases. Based on the hypothesis that nutraceuticals do not adequately reach the lens by oral administration, we have developed a unique topical antioxidant formulation whose active ingredients have the reported ability to reduce oxidative stress through free radical scavenging and chelating activity. This topical nutraceutical formulation was designed to mimic the in vivo activity of multifunctional antioxidants, compounds which are being developed in our laboratory to independently scavenge free radicals and selectively bind redox metals. A comparison of the efficacy of this topical nutraceutical to multifunctional antioxidants in laboratory animal models of oxidation-induced lens changes, retinal changes, and dry eye is reviewed. Although it is less potent than the small molecule multifunctional antioxidants that will require FDA approval, the topical nutraceutical formulation beneficially reduces ocular oxidative stress. These studies suggest that this topical antioxidant may fill an unmet therapeutic need by providing a nutraceutical that beneficially reduces the effects of oxidation on age-related ocular diseases. Keywords: oxidative stress, nutraceutical antioxidants, age-related ocular diseases, dry eye, cataracts, retinal degeneration