Ethnic identity of representatives of the Ukrainian minority university students in Poland

Introduction: Referring to the knowledge about the number of Ukrainian students in Poland, James Marcia’s theory of identity development and Henri Tajfel’s theory of social identity, the authors examined how the Ukrainian minority studying in Poland describes its ethnic identity. Method: For this purpose, nine semistructural interviews were conducted, which were then subjected to a semantic narrative analysis. Results: It turned out that the respondents identify most strongly with the group of international students and students, and with their national identity in the second place. Polish nationality was cited as a group of belonging, spending time, while the Ukrainian nationality was individual, related to origin. Polish groups were positively evaluated by the respondents. The analysis also distinguished categories of differences between Poland and Ukraine, indicated by the respondents. They were: culture and religion, customs and tradition, decision-making and self-confidence, social issues, as well as mentality and science. The categories of stereotypes that were mentioned in the interviews were also identified: cheating and stealing, complaining and the similarity of nations. Conclusions: The results showed that the identity of Ukrainians is in a state of moratorium. The respondents define Ukraine as “their” country, while the strongest ones describe themselves as international students.

Chief factors in Polish groups

In finite group theory, chief factors play an important and well-understood role in the structure theory. We here develop a theory of chief factors for Polish groups. In the development of this theory, we prove a version of the Schreier refinement theorem. We also prove a trichotomy for the structure of topologically characteristically simple Polish groups. The development of the theory of chief factors requires two independently interesting lines of study. First we consider injective, continuous homomorphisms with dense normal image. We show such maps admit a canonical factorisation via a semidirect product, and as a consequence, these maps preserve topological simplicity up to abelian error. We then define two generalisations of direct products and use these to isolate a notion of semisimplicity for Polish groups.

Metalinguistic Apositions in the Monuments of the Polish Language

Monuments of the Polish language contain numerous examples of apposition groups of the type jezioro Błędno, imię Bartłomiej, miasto Betsaida, Maryja, match Boża, królewna Nebraska, Jesusa Krysta syna Dawidowego, Bogu Oćcu. Metalinguistic appositions refer to intra-textual elements, e.g. słowo Pokłada, słowo Betanija, imię Jan, imię Fryzon. The article focuses on an overview and description of expressions of this type from the formal point of view (internal structure, grammatical features of the members), semantic (issues of the connotation of the basis of apposition and apposition, denotation, function) and syntactic (deep structure, the arrangement of members, syntactic accommodation). As it turned out, these groups were, to a large extent, shaped in terms of their specific features in the oldest Polish language and have preserved them until the present times. In semantic and grammatical terms, contemporary constructions of the word Sometime or the name Piotr imitate the old Polish groups, such as the słowo Zawżdy or the imię Bartłomiej. They are connoted on both sides, characterized by inclusion and restrictiveness of appeals. Appeals are not accommodated; expressions have a strict chord and are derived from the use of elements SOUND or HAVE A CHARACTER. Even today, they appear extremely rarely in the texts.

OVERVIEW OF POLISH EPIGRAPHY IN THE CAUCASUS

The issue of Polish epigraphy in the Caucasus is still very poorly understood and until now no one of the scientists has attempted to analyze this phenomenon. This is probably due to the very scant research material that can be relied on in the 21st century. Despite the passage of time, there are, however, sources that allow us to study Polish epigraphy in the Caucasus. It can be divided into four main groups: a) inscriptions on temples; b) epitaph; c) advertising epigraphs; d) graffiti, especially the kind called Style-Writing.Most of the Polish epigraphy in the Caucasus is associated with the presence of Poles in this area at a time when part of the lands of the Commonwealth was part of the Russian Empire. How many Poles ended up in the Caucasus and when is difficult to calculate, at least due to the lack of statistical data taking into account nationality. Presumably, although accurate calculations on this issue were not published, recruits from the territory of the former Rzeczpospolita to the Caucasus began to be expelled after 1773, i.e. after the I partition of Poland. The sending of exiles to serve in the Caucasus as a punishment took place, in turn, during the war, as, for example, after Napoleon's campaign in Moscow. Ludwik Wiedershal gave information that in 1812, apparently (it should be emphasized that the author used a conditional mood) 10 thousand Poles were sent to the Caucasus, although in 1815 almost all of them returned to the country. Other Polish groups exiled to the Caucasus included participants in uprisings for independence, as well as those who were repressed for participating in various organizations that, in the opinion of the tsarist government, posed a threat to the then existing system, for example, filarets, persons associated with the so-called Konarski case, and others.