INDIA'S COAST REGION - THE EASIEST ROUTE FOR CONDUCTING ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES - AN UNDERSTANDING

Indian sea route are an easy target for smuggling and conducting of anti-national activities. Mumbai port which is the largest port in India has been a place for terrorism activities since a long time, the 26/attack which is regarded as the deadliest terrorist attack, India has ever experience, the terrorist had enter India through sea port , since 1960s the business of smuggling of gold , drugs and other luxury items is going on between Dubai to Mumbai to Gujarat . Smuggling of items like fuel, textile happening through different states. Illegal fishing is also very common, In fact after the lockdown, many states have brought in new rules and regulation in their fisheries culture /sector, even the government has introduced schemes and is investing a lot . There are many agencies and ministries at the local, state and center to coordinate among different committees and stakeholders and increase the manpower. The eastern and the western coast share their water border with several countries which support criminal activities in the region. Most of the illegal migrant enter India and leave India through these ports for instances cases of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. India needs to strengthen its coastal security across the country. Keywords: Coastal security, sea roots, smuggling, drug trafficking, fisheries sector, 26/11 attack

Polyhydroxyalkanoate/Antifungal Polyene Formulations with Monomeric Hydroxyalkanoic Acids for Improved Antifungal Efficiency

Novel biodegradable and biocompatible formulations of “old” but “gold” drugs such as nystatin (Nys) and amphotericin B (AmB) were made using a biopolymer as a matrix. Medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) were used to formulate both polyenes (Nys and AmB) in the form of films (~50 µm). Thermal properties and stability of the materials were not significantly altered by the incorporation of polyenes in mcl-PHA, but polyene containing materials were more hydrophobic. These formulations were tested in vitro against a panel of pathogenic fungi and for antibiofilm properties. The films containing 0.1 to 2 weight % polyenes showed good activity and sustained polyene release for up to 4 days. A PHA monomer, namely 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (C10-OH), was added to the films to achieve an enhanced synergistic effect with polyenes against fungal growth. Mcl-PHA based polyene formulations showed excellent growth inhibitory activity against both Candida yeasts (C. albicans ATCC 1023, C. albicans SC5314 (ATCC MYA-2876), C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019) and filamentous fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 13073; Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 9533, Microsporum gypseum ATCC 24102). All antifungal PHA film preparations prevented the formation of a C. albicans biofilm, while they were not efficient in eradication of mature biofilms, rendering them suitable for the transdermal application or as coatings of implants.

Potential of Gold Candidates against Human Colon Cancer

: Development of novel metallodrugs with pharmacological profile plays a significant role in modern medicinal chemistry and drug design. Metal complexes have shown remarkable clinical results in current cancer therapy. Gold complexes have attained attention due to their high antiproliferative potential. Gold-based drugs are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Gold-containing compounds with selective and specific targets are capable to assuage the symptoms of a range of human diseases. Gold (I) species with labile ligands (such as Cl in TEPAuCl) interact with isolated DNA, therefore, this biomolecule has been considered as a target for gold drugs. Gold (I) has a high affinity towards sulfur and selenium, due to this gold (I) drugs readily interact with cysteine or selenocysteine residue of the enzyme to form protein-gold(I) thiolate or protein-gold (I) selenolate complexes that lead to inhibition of the enzyme activity. Au(III) compounds due to their square-planner geometries same as found in cisplatin, representing a good source for the development of anti-tumor agents. This article aims to review the most important applications of gold products in the treatment of human colon cancer and to analyze the complex interplay between gold and the human body.

Applications of NMR spectroscopy in understanding the gold biochemistry

Gold-based drugs have been successfully used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. When administered, they undergo ligand exchange reactions in the body with biofluids, cells and proteins. NMR spectroscopy is a very useful technique for probing these ligand exchange reactions under physiological conditions. The strength of the binding ligands can be estimated by studying the chemical shift changes in13C and31P NMR. It is also a powerful method for investigating the kinetics and thermodynamics of the exchange reactions of gold drugs with biomolecules. The purpose of this review report is to highlight the importance of NMR spectroscopy in the study of gold biochemistry and to bridge the fairly large gap in the progress of this interesting area of bioinorganic chemistry.

Dicyanogold Effects on Lymphokine Production

Having identified dicyanogold(I) as a common metabolite of gold-based antiarthritis drugs, we are investigating the effects of the compound on the production of lymphokines. Handel, et al. 1 suggested that the transcription factor AP-1, critical to the production of a number of cytokines, might be the target for gold compounds because of a critical cysteine within its DNA binding region. Using Jurkat cells, an established cell line as a model for CD4+ lymphocytes, we have shown that dicyanogold inhibits the binding of AP-1 to DNA and inhibits the synthesis of IL-2 mRNA and protein. In a macrophage line, THP-1, which synthesizes IL-1β in response to mitogen, we have shown that dicyanogold inhibits the binding of a second transcription factor, CREB to DNA. Incubation of THP-1 cells with dicyanogold inhibits the production of IL-1β mRNA. These results suggest that the mechanism of action of gold drugs may be through their interaction with transcription factors necessary for the immune activation seen in Rheumatoid Arthritis.