European Journal of Taxonomy: a deeper look into a decade of data

The European Journal of Taxonomy (EJT) is a decade-old journal dedicated to the taxonomy of living and fossil eukaryotes. Launched in 2011, the EJT published exactly 900 articles (31 778 pages) from 2011 to 2021. The journal has been processed in its entirety by Plazi, liberating the data therein, depositing it into TreatmentBank, Biodiversity Literature Repository and disseminating it to partners, including the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) using a combination of a highly automated workflow, quality control tools, and human curation. The dissemination of original research along with the ability to use and reuse data as freely as possible is the key to innovation, opening the corpus of known published biodiversity knowledge, and furthering advances in science. This paper aims to discuss the advantages and limitations of retro-conversion and to showcase the potential analyses of the data published in EJT and made findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (FAIR) by Plazi. Among others, taxonomic and geographic coverage, geographical distribution of authors, citation of previous works and treatments, timespan between the publication and treatments with their cited works are discussed. Manually counted data were compared with the automated process, the latter being analysed and discussed. Creating FAIR data from a publication results in an average multiplication factor of 166 for additional access through the taxonomic treatments, figures and material citations citing the original publication in TreatmentBank, the Biodiversity Literature Repository and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Despite the advances in processing, liberating data remains cumbersome and has its limitations which lead us to conclude that the future of scientific publishing involves semantically enhanced publications.

IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF PLUM ROOTSTOCK DOCERA 6

This paper describes research on the application of tissue culture techniques to the micropropagation of interspecific rootstock ʹDocera 6ʹ. The experimental work was carried out in the period 2017-2018, in the in vitro propagation laboratory of the Fruit Growing Institute Plovdiv. Аxillary buds were employed as initial explantеs in two different seasons (March-May; September-October). The action of the mineral medium was studied in the multiplication stage. The best result was obtained on LS medium included BAP 0.5 mg/l and IAA 0.05 mg/l. Тhe obtained average multiplication rate is 3.08. The concentration of auxin applied to the basal medium influence the quality of the root system Treatment with high concentrations of IBA added to the rooting medium gives the best results (V5). Тhe influence of the season on growth and development of micropropagated ʹDocera 6ʹ rootstock during ex vitro acclimatization is also part of our research. The spring acclimatization gives better results than the autumn.

In Vitro Long-Term Cultures of Papaya (Carica Papaya L.).

We present the data on proliferation corresponding to 10 years of continuous incubation in vitro of papaya shoots, and propose a reliable method for long-term micropropagation for papaya, using two types of explants: Microshoots from somatic embryos, and from axillary buds of papaya. Three different media were assayed. The proliferation medium (PPRM) allowed to maintain papaya shoots under continuous proliferation during 20 years, maintaining a consistent behaviour. Most of the shoots developed in PPRM rooted during the incubation, and after acclimated easily, maintaining the morphological characteristics of the parental plants, flowering and setting fruits normally. The PPRM medium consist in MS medium supplemented with NAA (0.1 mg l-1), BA (0.5 mg l-1), GA3 (0.5 mg l-1) and Adenine sulphate (40 mg l-1). The average multiplication rate was higher than 20 shoots per explant along the long-term assay. The elongation medium (PELM), was designed to recover shoots with a poor growth, and allowed the development of high quality shoots ready for rooting, and consist in a MS basal medium supplemented with NAA (0.1 mg l-1), Kin (0.5 mg l-1) and GA3 (1 mg l-1). The rooting medium (PROM) was designed to induce high quality roots from non-rooted shoots and consist in a half strength MS medium plus IBA (1mg l-1). On PROM, agar can be exchanged for expanded vermiculite. Acclimation took place inside an acclimatization tunnel under progressive hydric stress. After 4 weeks, the plant recovery rate was 90% for plants maintained under continuous proliferation during ten years.

Micropropagation of rootstocks of stone fruit cultures in vitro

The usage of the method of clonal micropropagation of plants is currently the most promising for obtaining virus-free plant material, including clonal rootstocks of stone fruit cultures. The introduction of clonal rootstocks of stone fruit cultures PK SK1, PK SK 2, AI 1 into invitro culture is best doneduring the active shoot growth period in the second decadeof May. During this period, the highest level of explants regeneration was noted: in the rootstock PK SK 1 – 94,6 %, in the rootstock AI 1 78.2%, in PK SK 2 80.4%, in Gisela 5 (control) 85,7%. From the third decade of May, the survival rate of explants begins to decline. At the stage of multiplication on the Murashige-Skoog medium, with the addition of 6-BAP 1 mg/L, the average multiplication factor of clonal rootstocks to the fourth passage was 1: 12 for PK SK1, for Gisela 5 and for AI 11: 8.

KEEFEKTIFAN PENDEKATAN PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN MATEMATIKA REALISTIK INDONESIA (PMRI) BERBANTU PERMAINAN TRADISIONAL DHAKON TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERHITUNG PERKALIAN SISWA KELAS II

Goals to be achieved in this study are (1) knowing or mastery learning achievement of students with learning PMRI approach by traditional game ?óÔé¼?ôDhakon?óÔé¼?Ø, (2) knowing the differences of student?óÔé¼Ôäós calculation capibility of multiplication between learning use PMRI approach by traditional game ?óÔé¼?ôDhakon?óÔé¼?Ø with conventional learning.This research is quantitative. The population of this research are students in SD Negeri Gayamsari 01 Semarang second grade. The sample in this research population were all taken by the students of class II A and II B SD Negeri Gayamsari 01 Semarang. The independent variable in this research is learning PMRI approach by traditional game ?óÔé¼?ôDhakon?óÔé¼?Ø, and the dependent variable is the multiplication numeracy skills. The method of data collection using interviews, documentation, testing and observation. For data analysis mastery learning one sample t test was used to measure numeracy and multiplication use two-sample t test.Based on the results of the study showed an average multiplication numeracy of experimental group 90,75 and the control group 80. Based on the homogeneity test obtained Fhitung 1,77 and with ?Ä?? 5%, Ftabel 2,168 thus obtained Fhitung <Ftabel, meaning both homogeneous group. Based on a sample t-test in the experimental group gained thitung = 14,41 with ?Ä?? = 5% and df = 19 obtained Ttabel = 1,729. Because thitung> ttabel then H0 rejected so it can be concluded that the multiplication numeracy skills of students in the experimental group on average 65. Based on two-sample t test obtained thitung = 3,61 and with ?Ä?? 5% was obtained Ttabel = 2,0244. Because thitung> ttabel then H0 is rejected and Ha accepted, thus there is a difference in average numeracy skills that students multiplication numeracy experimental group is better than control group multiplication numeracy. Suggestions researchers, learning PMRI approaches should be developed to another subject that students have a picture of the material being studied relations with its application in everyday life.

In vitro PROPAGATION OF Sprekelia formosissima Herbert., A WILD PLANT WITH ORNAMENTAL POTENTIAL

Vegetative propagation of Sprekelia (Sprekelia formosissima Herbert.) in natural conditions is limited because it produces only one bulb per year or none. The objective of this research was to generate an in vitro propagation protocol for this species to increase its commercial propagation rate without extracting the species from its natural habitat. Bulbs of 4 to 5 cm in diameter were used as disinfested donor explant material; 1 cm2 explants were obtained from the cataphyll leaves with and without a portion of basal disc; these explants were established in MS medium supplemented with 8.87 μM of N6 benzyl adenine (BA) and 0.98 μM of indole-3- butyric acid (IBA). For shoot multiplication, bulblets obtained from the previous phase were used as explants and cultivated in MS medium with 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 μM of BA combined with IBA at a 10:1 ratio (BA: IBA). Shoots obtained from multiplication were established in MS medium supplemented with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 % (w/v) sucrose to promote growth. Bulblets were rooted in MS medium supplemented with 0, 0.49, 0.98, 1.96, 3.93 and 7.8 μM of IBA. Once roots formed, they were transferred to soil to assess their acclimation. We obtained 89.1 % of aseptic explants, of which 86 % formed two shoots on the average. Multiplication of shoots increased as BA concentration increased in culture medium, and the best results (75 % of bulblets with shoots, 2.66 shoots per bulblet and 2.0 mm diameter shoots) were obtained with 20 μM BA. The best bulb growth in diameter (4.2 mm) and number of bulblet leaves (3.5) was obtained with 5 % sucrose. The use of 0.98 μM IBA resulted in greater rooting percentage (93.7) and number of roots per bulblet (2.0), which were 2.4 cm long on average. Up to 83 % of the bulblets survived acclimation. This protocol to micropropagate Sprekelia formosissima allowed the production of at least 96 bulblets from one mother bulb in a six months period of in vitro culture.

Micropropagation and Field Evaluation of the Pear (Pyrus communis L.) `IGE 2002', A New Selection of the Cultivar Dr. Jules Guyot

A new spontaneous mutation of the pear variety Dr. Jules Guyot, named `IGE 2002', was selected from a pear growing area in Catalonia. The clone was established in vitro from a 40-year-old tree, a highly recalcitrant material unable to root by cuttings. An in vitro micropropagation protocol, with an average multiplication rate of 5, a 90% rooting, and an acclimation of 79% of the plantlets, was defined. Self-rooted plants were grown in two experimental stations, covering two distinct fruit growing areas. The main agronomic characteristics of the clone `IGE 2002' were evaluated during six seasons, 1997 to 2002. Blooming and harvest period were at a similar time than `Dr. Jules Guyot'. Soluble solids concentration and acidity are also similar to `Dr. Jules Guyot'. However, at the same harvest time, a lower fruit firmness of `IGE 2002' in comparison to `Dr. Jules Guyot' indicated an advanced ripening. In addition, a finer flesh texture of `IGE 2002' than `Dr. Jules Guyot', distinguished the former from the later variety. Important differences between both plot sites were found on cumulative fruit yield, fruit size, and fruit size distribution, of `IGE2002' grown on its own roots. However, the site did not affect the fruit quality parameters. Superior fruit yields were associated with higher vigor and yield efficiency of the self-rooted variety.

Measuring the spermosphere colonizing capacity (spermosphere competence) of bacterial inoculants

Spermosphere establishment by bacteria which were coated onto seeds was studied using soybean seeds treated with four bacterial strains at levels of log10 1 to 4 colony-forming units (cfu) per seed planted in a field soil mix, and incubated 48 h. Each strain at every inoculum level developed spermosphere population densities of log10 4 to 8 cfu/seed, demonstrating an average multiplication of log10 3 cfu/seed. An alternative method was developed to differentially rank bacteria for spermosphere colonizing capacity, based upon incorporation of bacteria into a soil and monitoring the resulting spermosphere population densities around noninoculated seeds after 4 days at 14 °C. Fifty-seven bacterial strains which were isolated from soybean roots or from water samples, including Pseudomonas putida, P. putida biovarB, P. fluorescens, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Bacillus spp. were tested in the spermosphere colonization assay. Average spermosphere population densities for the 57 strains ranged from 0 to log10 7.0 cfu/seed. Strains of a given taxon demonstrated marked diversity with ranges from 0 to log10 6.0 cfu/seed for Bacillus spp. and from log10 1.4 to 7.0 cfu/seed for Pseudomonas putida. The relative ranking of representative strains was consistent in repeating experiments. The potential usefulness of the assay for efforts to develop competitive bacterial inoculants for crop seeds is discussed.