Problem Definition

This chapter begins with the Socrates DigitalTM module calling the “Define Problem” process. This process identifies the problem area and gathers the problem-defining information from the user. This chapter provides pseudo-code for the subprocesses that make up the processes for Socrates DigitalTM. It has enough detail to implement the logic in any procedural and general-purpose computer programming language. This chapter shows that more questions follow after asking the user a question in many situations. The questions aimed at getting these answers are questions that target the quality of reasoning.

The Case for a Cost-Effective General-Purpose Computer Cluster for Small Colleges

The computational capabilities of commercial CPUs and GPUs reached a plateau but soft-ware applications are usually memory-intense tasks and they commonly need/utilize most recent hardware developments. Computer clusters are an expensive solution, although reliable and versatile, with a limited market share for small colleges. Small schools would typically rely on cloud-based systems because they are more afford-able (less expensive), manageable (no need to worry about the maintenance), and easier to implement (the burden is shifted into the datacenter). Here we provide arguments in favor of an on-campus hardware solution, which, while providing benefits for students, does not present the financial burden associated with larger and more powerful computer clus-ters. We think that instructors of engineering/computer science faculties might find this a viable and workable solution to improve the computing environment of their school without incurring the high cost of a ready-made solution. At the basis of this proposal is the acquisition of inexpensive refurbished hardware and of a type1 VMware hypervisor with a free licensing, as well as of a custom-made web plat-form to control the deployed hypervisors. VMware is a global leader in cloud infrastruc-ture and software-based solutions. In particular, the adoption of a customized "Elastic Sky X integrated" as hypervisor together with Virtual Operating Systems installed in the very same datastore, would constitute an interesting and working proof-of-concept achieving a computer cluster at a fraction of the market cost.

The Model-less Neuromimetic Chip and its Normalization of Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence

The conceptual basis of a novel neuromimetic chip is described. Based on an existing computational bioelectrodynamics study and adaptive brain signaling biophysics knowledge from neuroscience, the chip is, in effect, a form of inorganic artificial brain tissue. This ‘physics replication’ approach involves no abstract models of brain tissue. Instead of the physics of a general-purpose computer or the physics of abstract models on the chip (analogue or digital), this neuromimetic chip has an inorganic version of natural adaptive brain signaling physics. The chip has a functionally relevant endogenous quasistatic electric and magnetic field system of the form known to be expressed by excitable cell tissue. Fully developed at macroscopic scales it can be expected to produce an EEG/MEG-like signature. This article does an extended analysis to understand an observed generalized lack of the physics replication approach and its implications for the neuroscience of natural and artificial intelligence. This is achieved through a technical comparison with the neuromimetic chip’s closest relative, the neuromorphic chip (of the class of general-purpose computers). The results indicate that the physics-replication approach is a possible but neglected option. It also reveals that the neuromimetic chip contributes empirical science, in contrast to the theoretical science conducted using general-purpose computers. Because of the chip’s novelty and proximity to foundational issues, the article contributes the necessary background information in anticipation of the arrival of the first prototyping results over the coming years.<br>

REQUIREMENTS FOR AXIS PROTECTION MECHANISMS WITHIN THE CLASS OF USE

One of the components of modern information systems is general-purpose computer equipment on which specialized software is installed or on which specialized software is working. This computer equipment requires a general-purpose operating system. To protect the information system it is necessary to protect all its links, including the operating system. In particular, in case of client-server technologies it is necessary to pay attention both to protection of server component and to protection of a client component. Protection of an operating system demands understanding, within what limits of what information system the OS will work, what working conditions and restrictions are imposed on the protected environment, what threats to the protected environment is required, what mechanisms is it possible to provide with protection of the environment necessary to us and what "price" of their application or nonapplication and other will be. Therefore, software safety should rely on a policy of safety of an operating system, expanding and specifying it and as much as possible. It is necessary to rely on safety mechanisms which are provided by an operating system or information system at software working out. This is necessary for unification and simplification of system of safety, simplification of its service, at the expense of reduction of quantity of the mechanisms created for the decision of the same problem. It is also necessary to apply typical and well-known components and standards, to avoid components with the closed source code as much as possible, or components which do not support, or incorrectly support typical standards.

Performance Analysis of Parallelized Bioinformatics Applications

The main challenges bioinformatics applications facing today are to manage, analyze and process a huge volume of genome data. This type of analysis and processing is very difficult using general purpose computer systems. So the need of distributed computing, cloud computing and high performance computing in bioinformatics applications arises. Now distributed computers, cloud computers and multi-core processors are available at very low cost to deal with bulk amount of genome data. Along with these technological developments in distributed computing, many efforts are being done by the scientists and bioinformaticians to parallelize and implement the algorithms to take the maximum advantage of the additional computational power. In this paper a few bioinformatics algorithms have been discussed. The parallelized implementations of these algorithms have been explained. The performance of these parallelized algorithms has been also analyzed. It has been also observed that in parallel implementations of the various bioinformatics algorithms, impact of communication subsystems with respect to the job sizes should also be analyzed.

A Fault Tolerant Scheme for Detecting Overflow in Residue Number Microprocessors

The decomposition of larger numbers into smaller ones termed as residues is the main operation behind the concept of Residue Number System (RNS); it possesses inherent features such as parallelism and independent digit arithmetic computations. These features of the RNS has made it desirable for applications that require intensive computations such as Digital Signal Processing (DSP), Digital Filtering and Convolutions. Overflow detection is one of the major challenges that confront the efficient implementation of RNS in general purpose computer processors. Overflow occurs in RNS when an illegitimate value is represented within legitimate range – Dynamic Range (DR) as if it is legitimate value. This misrepresentation of results, which usually arises during addition operations ultimately affects systems built on this Number System. It is therefore imperative that steps are taken not to only detect but correct the occurrence of overflow whenever it occurs. In this paper, an additive overflow detection and correction scheme for the moduli set is presented. The scheme uses a redundant modulus to extend the DR of the moduli set. The proposed scheme is demonstrated theoretically to be an efficient scheme by comparing it to previous similar works.