Management of Coincident Pituitary Macroadenoma and Cavernous Carotid Aneurysm: A Systematic Literature Review

Introduction Pituitary adenomas are a common intracranial pathology with an incidence of 15 to 20% in the population while cerebral aneurysms are less common with a prevalence of 1:50 patients. The incidence of aneurysms in patients with pituitary adenoma has been estimated at 2.3 to 5.4% of patients; however, this remains unclear. Equally, the management of concomitant lesions lacks significant understanding. Methods A case report is presented of a concomitant cerebral aneurysm and pituitary adenoma managed by minimally invasive endovascular and endoscopic methods, respectively. A systematic review of the literature for terms “pituitary adenoma” and “aneurysm” yielded 494 studies that were narrowed to 19 relevant articles. Results We report a case of a 67-year-old patient with an enlarging pituitary macroadenoma, cavernous carotid aneurysm, and unilateral carotid occlusion. After successful treatment of the aneurysm by a pipeline flow diverter, the pituitary adenoma was surgically resected by an endoscopic transsphenoidal approach. Conclusion The use of a pipeline flow diverter and endonasal approach was feasible in the treatment of our patient. This is the first report to our knowledge of the use of pipeline flow diversion in the management of a cavernous carotid aneurysm prior to pituitary adenoma treatment.

A case of cavernous carotid aneurysm diagnosed when diplopia developed after endoscopic sinus surgery

Background: Visual complications of endoscopic sinus surgery usually occur during or immediately after the surgery. We report a case of cavernous carotid aneurysm which developed and gradually worsened after endoscopic sinus surgery was performed. Case presentation: A 63-year-old woman with chronic rhinosinusitis resistant to conservative treatment underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. Despite the surgery being successful and without complications, diplopia developed 2 weeks later. Intracranial ima- ging revealed a giant cavernous carotid aneurysm as a likely cause of the diplopia. The patient underwent endovascular stenting treatment, and the diplopia was consequently reduced. Conclusions: We experienced a rare case of cavernous carotid aneurysm which started to develop 2 weeks after endoscopic sinus surgery. Possible causes of the aneurysm in this patient are an indirect effect of surgery, such as perioperative hypertension, and bacterial sinusitis.

TERAPI ENDOVASKULAR ANEURISMA KAROTIS KAVERNOSA DENGAN PIPELINE FLEX EMBOLIZATION DEVICE: PENGAMATAN 1 TAHUN

ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT CAVERNOUS CAROTID ANEURYSM WITH PIPELINE FLEX EMBOLIZATION DEVICE: 1-YEAR FOLLOW UPABSTRACTAsymptomatic intracranial aneurysms are usually detected accidentally through neuroimaging. However, a large intracranial aneurysm (15-24mm) is more likely to manifest clinically due to its mass effect. Aneurysms in the cavernous segment of carotid artery generally exhibit occulomotor nerve palsy, headache and dizziness. The selection of endovascular therapy depends on the type and morphology of the aneurysm. Currently, the treatment options were stent-assisted coil and pipeline embolization device (PED). We reported two cases of large symptomatic unruptured cavernous carotid aneurysm (CCA), treated with the flow diverter technique using a pipeline flex embolization device (PED flex) the second generation of PED. The first case was a 59-year-old woman with complaint of diplopia and headache. Computed Tomography (CT) angiography and 3 dimensional (D) brain imaging revealed bilateral aneurysms, one was in the right cavernous carotid (16.1x16.6mm) and the other was in the left cavernous carotid (9.2x6.5mm). In second case a 67-year-old woman with complaint of headache. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) revealed a 15mm aneurysm in the right cavernous carotid. Both aneurysms were treated using PED flex (4.75mm diameter/25mm length and 4mm diameter/25mm length, respectively), except the left cavernous carotid aneurysm in the first case. Six month and one year follow up angiograms were obtained, and showed complete occlusion of aneurysms. Flow diverter technique using PED flex is a feasible and effective treatment for large symptomatic unruptured carotid cavernous aneurysms.Keywords: Embolization, flow-diverter, large cavernous carotid aneurysms, pipeline flex embolization device (PED flex)ABSTRAKAneurisma intrakranial asimptomatik biasanya terdeteksi secara tidak sengaja melalui pemeriksaan pencitraan neuroradiologis. Akan tetapi aneurisma intrakranial yang besar (15-24mm) cenderung memberikan gejala klinis akibat efek massa yang ditimbulkan. Apabila aneurisma terletak di arteri karotis segmen kavernosa, penderita dapat mengalami paresis nervus okulomotor dan juga terkadang memberikan gejala nyeri kepala serta rasa pusing. Pemilihan terapi endovaskuler bergantung pada tipe dan morfologi dari aneurisma. Saat ini, pemilihan terapi endovaskuler dapat berupa stent-assisted coiling dan alat embolisasi pipeline. Kami melaporkan dua kasus aneurisma karotis kavernosa (AKK) tidak pecah berukuran besar simptomatik dengan teknik flow-diverter menggunakan pipeline flex embolization device (PED flex) yang merupakan generasi kedua dari alat embolisasi pipeline. Pada kasus pertama wanita 59 tahun dengan keluhan diplopia dan nyeri kepala, pemeriksaan Computed Tomography (CT) angiografi dan 3 dimensi (D) otak ditemukan aneurisma pada karotis kavernosa bilateral, yang masing-masing berukuran (16,1x16,6mm) pada sisi kanan dan (9,2x6,5mm) pada sisi kiri. Pada kasus kedua, wanita 67 tahun dengan keluhan nyeri kepala. Pemeriksaan MRA otak ditemukan aneurisma berukuran 15mm pada karotis kavernosa sebelah kanan. Masing-masing aneurisma diterapi dengan PED flex (4,75mm diameter/25mm panjang dan 4mm diameter/25mm panjang), kecuali aneurisma pada karotis kavernosa sebelah kiri pada kasus pertama. Follow-up pada enam bulan dan satu tahun kemudian, dengan pemeriksaan angiografi, menunjukkan oklusi komplet pada masing- masing aneurisma. Terapi endovaskular dengan teknik flow-diverter menggunakan PED flex merupakan modalitas terapi yang efektif dan dapat dilaksanakan untuk aneurisma karotis kavernosa berukuran besar bergejala.Kata kunci: Aneurisma karotis kavernosa besar, embolisasi, flow-diverter, pipeline flex embolization device (PED flex)

Supergiant Cavernous Carotid Aneurysm: Successful Management with Ligation of Internal Carotid Artery and STA–MCA Bypass

Supergiant cerebral aneurysm (size > 6 cm) is a rare and challenging cerebrovascular disease with few documented cases in literature. We describe a simple, safe, and effective treatment option for supergiant cavernous carotid aneurysm and discuss the proposed mechanisms for a favorable outcome.